Nelson Mandela or Rolihlahla Pulling the Branch of a Tree

Nelson Mandela once said, â€Å"To be free is not merely to cast off one’s chains, but to live in a way that respects and enhances the freedom of others† (brainyquotes.com). Rolihlahla, the name he was given at birth, means pulling the branch of a tree. This name was appropriate for him, as he believed in â€Å"shaking things up† for the right cause. His influence was great in creating equality for all people, of all races in South Africa. Mandela was an extraordinary leader throughout his life because he practiced the most significant qualities of a leader including determination, intelligence, situational skills, sacrifice, and vision. Determination was a very powerful tool that Mandela used in his life, for no matter what was thrown into his†¦show more content†¦Whether through life experience, instruction, or discipline, gaining an education is the root of intelligence; the fact that Nelson Mandela valued education was proof of his own intelligence. Intelligence he applied to make the best decisions in each circumstance that he was faced with. A widely accepted principle of leadership is the idea that a leader should make decisions and act based on the situation at hand. Nelson displayed this concept during his participation in the anti-apartheid movement. Originally Mandela assumed the belief that a non-violent approach was the best way to create change in South Africa. He held this belief as he joined and led groups in the movement, but soon realized that it was not as effective as he had hoped. He knew what had to be done to ensure the success of the movement; Mandela founded a new group that included a military division. This group protested in the streets and took a more violent approach on the situation. Although initially he believed in peaceful methods, Mandela acted and made the decisions necessary for the situation at hand, even when it resulted in his imprisonment. Twenty-seven years of Mandela’s life were spent in prison. These were years that proved his willingness to sacrifice anything for the cause th at he so firmly believed in. Black prisoners at Robben Island, where Mandela was imprisoned, were confined to extremely small cells. Being classified in the most restricted group possible, he was only allowedShow MoreRelatedMandela: A Life Devoted to Change and Freedom2008 Words   |  9 Pagestiring movement led by a man named Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela. Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in Mvezo, Cape Province, South Africa. Mandela’s name, Rolihlahla, perfectly defined Mandela’s personality and his destiny. His name means pulling the branch of a tree, a slang meaning troublemaker. When he was seven, his devout Christian parents sent Mandela to a local Methodist school. As a baptized Methodist, Mandela was given an English forename of â€Å"Nelson† by his teacher. Since then,Read MoreNelson Mandela, A Brief History and Impact2207 Words   |  9 PagesMEETING THE GREAT MAN Nelson Mandela 1918-2013 â€Å"I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.† Nelson Mandela was born on July 18, 1918 in a royal family of a tribe in a South African village in MvezoRead MoreEssay Nelson Mandela and the South African Apartheid 1839 Words   |  8 PagesNelson Mandela, a man recognized worldwide, was a human rights activist leader among other things. He believed in equality and peace for all. He fought for that belief in South Africa for which he undeniably sacrificed his life to. A figure of international peacemaking, he’s a man of tremendous accomplishments. How he achieved these accomplishments is astounding and it’s what he’s remarkably known. Striving for fairness and democracy in a nation that has been pierced for years by Apartheid seemedRead MoreEssay about Nelson Mandela’s Childhood Defined His Identity3002 Words   |  13 PagesThe life of Nelson Mandela is an interesting example of this ideology. In his case, the connection between childhood and life is special and goes even further than the first ins tinctive connections that often come to mind. When one examines the interesting details the childhood of Nelson Mandela, one is compelled to conclude that Nelson’s Mandela childhood environment fashioned his politics. In order to understand fully how the childhood environment of Nelson Mandela fashioned hisRead MoreEssay on Nelson Mandela: Standing Firm2318 Words   |  10 PagesNelson Mandela was born in Mvezo, a village in the Transkei, on July 18, 1918. The definition of Rolihlahla actually means â€Å"pulling the branch of a tree†. After the passing away of Nelson’s father’s in the year 1927, Mandela became the ward of Jongintaba Dalindyebo, the Paramount Chief, to be developed to grasp his place in high office. As a result of listening to the elder’s stories of his ancestor’s valor during the resistance wars, he aspired too of creating his own significant addition to theRead MoreA Role Model Leadership, Nelson Mandela7546 Words   |  31 PagesNELSON MANDELA I choose Nelson Mandela as my role model leader. I analyzed Mandela’s leadership style and found his eight leadership best practices which I think every leader must learn and put into practice to become a real leader. Many of them come directly from his personal experiences and all of them are calibrated to cause the best kind of trouble; the trouble that forces us to ask how we can make the world a better place. Nelson Mandela’ s 8 leadership best practices and explanation why

Exploring the Mental Illness of Schizophrenia Essay

Many people have ignored the illness that affects about one percent of the population. Schizophrenia is the mental illness that I’m referring to. Schizophrenia is a psychotic illness which is can be never-ending, severe, and brain distorting. I’ve grown interest in this particular topic for several reasons. One influence came from my interesting aunt. The problem started when I noticed the farfetched information my Aunt relayed to me. â€Å"Hey Aunt, how are you?† I squealed â€Å"I’m not so good, I feel like people are putting poison in my food.† Aunt claimed â€Å"Who?† I exclaimed â€Å"The nursing home,† Aunt yelled â€Å"I don’t think they are doing that Aunt,† â€Å"Yes, these people hate me; they also are stealing from me!† Aunt cried â€Å"What! The workers†¦show more content†¦Schizophrenia is a very complex illness, so let’s found out what it actually is. Schizophrenia factually means split mind but it is important that a person doesn’t get that confused in saying it’s a split personality disorder. Schizophrenia actually is a mental illness that causes brutal mental disturbances. This illness consists of many factors of mental instability, which disorders the normal ways of communication, conduct and beliefs. This illness affects both women and men but often becomes visible in men earlier in time than women. Men usually start experiencing symptoms between seventeen and twenty three years of age and while women start seeing these signs in there twenty to early thirties. I started to see the signs in my aunt while she was age 24. People who have schizophrenia share many common symptoms. Many times they possess strange thoughts and beliefs with almost no source of reality, hear voic es in their heads, believe that people around them can read their minds, and scheming against them in various manners. Symptoms can be terrorizing and stigmatizing to both the person experiencing and to people who interacts with the person. This makes me think about my Aunt and the information she disclosed to me about winning the lottery. I knew that obviously wasn’t true because the incident involved me participating with her, or even implying that her nursingShow MoreRelatedThe Lived Experience Of Schizophrenia Of Jeremy Oxley1146 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, it will be discussed, the lived experience of schizophrenia of Jeremy Oxley by incorporating the National Recovery Framework and Principles, while exploring the lived experience of mental health problems that he experienced, as described in the documentary ‘The SunnyBoys†. Jeremy Oxley, in his younger years, started his musical career in the early 1980’s, at the early young age of 18, he was touted as one of the most talented singer/songwriter in Australia. Jeremy was the front-manRead MoreWhat Is Mental Illness?1380 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Mental Illness? In my essay, I will be looking to answer this deceptively simple question by exploring various avenues, mainly making a comparison both the medical and philosophical differences. I will attempt to first make a distinct definition of what mental illness is as a medical term, defining exactly what it is, how it affects us and people around us. I believe this is an important definition to make as it allows us to better understand mental illness in medicine, mainly how it affectsRead MoreThere Has Been An Increase In The Proportion Of Persons Who Associate Mental Illness With Dangerousness1675 Words   |  7 Pagesin the proportion of persons who associate mental illness with dangerousness, violence, and unpredictability† (Markowitz, 2005: 3) With reference to this statement, what is the public understanding of the nature and extent of mental disorder and how accurate is this? Intro This essay will look at the public understanding of the nature of mental disorder and to what extent it is associated with dangerousness and violence. The essay will begin by exploring the public’s perspectives and opinions onRead MoreExploring Comorbid Substance Use And Mental Illness1366 Words   |  6 Pages Exploring Comorbid Substance Use and Mental Illness Sarah L. Alford Kennesaw State University Exploring Comorbid Substance Use and Mental Illness There is a wealth of literature about the relationship between substance use and mental illness. Bahorik, Newhill, and Eack (2013) reported that individuals who have a mental illness have a higher prevalence rate of substance use than individuals who do not have a mental illness. Fluery, Grenier, Bamvita, Perreault, and Caron (2014) cite that atRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind1549 Words   |  7 Pagesfulfilment and concrete understanding of their physical and mental surroundings. The film, ‘A Beautiful Mind’ directed and produced by Ron Howard, explores the extensive impact that mental illness has had on John Nash’s ability to communicate with and comprehend the people, ideas and emotions which surround him. Through the graphic cinematic techniques and realistic film structure, audiences are faced with raw perspectives of how schizophrenia affects not only the patient but the people around them.Read MoreMental Disorder And Its Effects On Schizophrenia1131 W ords   |  5 PagesAbstract: Schizophrenia is one type of mental disorder .There are three types of symptoms like positive , negative and cognitive. It creates hallucinations, delusions and interacts to thought process of persons. Though it is a treatable but it affects person’s ability in to reality. There are many factors which affect the schizophrenia like biological factors, psychological factors, sociocultural factors. Among them in biological factors, age and sex highly affected to Schizophrenia. The psychologicalRead MoreWhat is Schizophrenia?985 Words   |  4 PagesSchizophrenia is the worst of all mental health disorders because it is many severe disorders all put into one such as mood disorders and psychological disorders. It is a mental health disorder that affects a persons’ reality. When the word Schizophrenia is broken into two, schizo means â€Å"Split† and phrenia means â€Å"mind† (DeWall Myers, 2014, p.562). According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), about 1% of Americans have schizophrenia. Schizophrenia has many different components suchRead MoreExploring Schizophrenia Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesExploring Schizophrenia A disease that leads to more suicide deaths than AIDS, SIDS, and MS combined is present in one in one hundred people globally. Schizophrenia is prone to lead to long-term disability, unemployment, drug and alcohol abuse, and family trauma. Ten percent of all patients commit suicide. Schizophrenia is an infamous disease attacking the American population. What is schizophrenia, how is it caused, what does it do, and who does it effect? OneRead MoreReligion Vs. Delusions With Religious Content1525 Words   |  7 PagesI spent 6 weeks at Unit 1 Dandenong Hospital further exploring the field of psychiatry, a branch of medicine that interests me and something that I may pursue as a career in the future. Whilst on this rotation I encountered a number of patients with delusions of religious content (DRC), however it took me a while to understand the differences between DRC and religious beliefs. As of this day I still am a bit confused as to the differences between the two as the literature behind this is still quiteRead MoreThe Biological Theories Of Crime Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesmadness. In Masters of the Mind: Exploring the Story of Mental Illness from Ancient Times to the New Millennium, Theodore Millon discusses one of the observation Kretschmer made in schizophrenics. â€Å"In a series of studies, he demonstrated that persons with tall and slender physiques were of a schizoid or introversive temperamen t, whereas those of a heavier and more rotund physique were extroversive† (Millon 2004). Kretschmer s constitutional approach viewed mental diseases as extremes of certain psychophysical

Letter of Advice on Interpersonal Communications free essay sample

Congratulations on your engagement, and the choice to spend your lives together. Thank you for the opportunity to share with both of you the concepts of which I have learned on how to communicate effectively. The choices both of you make now towards communicating effectively will lead to a long and healthy relationship, and by implementing these concepts everyday they can enrich both your personal and professional lives. Interpersonal communications is about humans, and our ability to relate to one another effectively, it is about listening, and speaking positively, disagreeing constructively, to lift each other up emotionally and embracing each other’s differences, but whether acting as sender or receiver, have the willingness to give feedback to build a healthy open line of communication to last a life time. Principles and Misconceptions in Effective Interpersonal Communications Communicating what a person may feel is in itself a misconception, if the receiver does not understand the message heard. We will write a custom essay sample on Letter of Advice on Interpersonal Communications or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without feedback from those on the receiving end of the message, misunderstandings will occur. Most misunderstandings occur because the sender is unable to convey the message clearly, and concisely causing confusion for the receiver, making it difficult to translate the message correctly. An article written by D. B. Ryan (2010) for LivingStrong, a partner of the Lance Armstrong Foundation for healthy living says, the language of the speaker itself may present a problem in that, it may cause confusion. The tainted message of the sender, colored with personal biases, and personal experiences, can cause the receiver to misunderstand (Ryan, 2010). Sending a message does not always mean that the receiver understands. Many times â€Å"Rational messages are often unclear or ambiguous and may require verbal checking† (Sole, 2011, sec. 2. 3). Sometimes saying more, is not necessarily better, on which Sole (2011) also states, â€Å"Verbal and nonverbal components act like punctuation in a conversation and can often lead to misunderstandings or communication failure† (sec. 2. 3). Communicating effectively provides for individual essentials, helps people learn about themselves, and builds self-esteem and social acceptance. Communicating effectively is necessary in every aspect of the business world, but is essential for building lasting personal relationships. When we think of communications, it is difficult since we have been communicating from birth, to think of our ability to communicate as anything else but simple, and yet communications begins with learning six simple principles for effective communications. First of all Jon and Astrid, communications is representational, meaning as humans we learn to use pictures, objects, and sounds to communicate with others. Humans have always, since the early beginnings of communication, used symbols. Symbols are those things that we use to represent other things. Consider the first thing a young child learns to do, draw. Drawings in the history of early man symbolize things, and their way of life. Symbols today have meaning, but they are not the thing that it symbolizes. Take for example, the pictures that I have of both my dogs. The symbol here is the picture of my dogs, but it is not my dogs, it is only a symbol used to elicit the emotions I have for them. As both of you think on your life together, you will in no doubt think about having a home. Whether spoken, or nonverbal, your future home together symbolizes something that has meaning. Some symbols we use as humans have more meaning than others do. What is important here to remember is that symbols sometimes, are created randomly, and as Sole (2011) states, â€Å"No reason or principle governs why one symbol rather than another is used to describe something† (sec. 1. 3). Secondly, words, gestures, and symbols all have meaning, and as humans, we share meaning with other people. One human trait that each of us possess, is the desire to share with other humans. An example of how people share meaning, is the story of the abandoned building a few doors away from where I lived growing up. A female raccoon and her two young had ventured out in search of food, and I suppose, as a training exercise for her young in survival. Next to this building, was a large tree with branches that stretched out close to the building, and when returning to their home the mother climbed the tree. The mother reached a large branch then turned around to instruct her two children to follow. First, one followed, but the smaller of the two was so frightened, instead sat motionless on the side of the tree a few feet off the ground. The mother chattered as an attempt to coaxes her young to come, but failed. My mother and I, and our neighbor were so concerned that another animal would find the baby, that our neighbor quickly went up to the baby raccoon, and gently patted the baby on the butt. The baby raccoon more frightened of the man ran up the tree to the mother. The example shows how each of us shared concern. What I have learned in the interpersonal communication class is that words have no meaning, that meaning is an emotion that humans possess. Communicating effectively and reaching a mutual understanding with others is an ongoing process acquired through shared meaning. Communicating is a process, we interconnect with others, we are changed, and this changes relationships and people. In addition, communicating can differ culturally, and will change as people’s environments change, but it is also important to remember, communicating has purpose. Barriers to Effective Interpersonal Communication Listen with discernment. Sometimes what sounds like the easiest thing to do is actually the hardest. New relationships are exciting, learning about this new person in your life, and the possibility of a new love. In the beginning though, each person is cautious, and uncertain of what each should say and not say to each other, but even in established relationships there are barriers that can weaken the structure of relationships. Three problems can arise in a relationship, and stagnate communication. In relationships, emotions can run high when misunderstandings occur. This may cause silence or a refusal to speak. The person on the receiving can get ‘the cold shoulder’ ignored as if he or she is not there. I came across an article just recently called â€Å"When Talking Makes Things WORSE! † written by a doctor, mentions that only two percent of Americans think before they respond during an argument, a survey conducted by the National Institute for Dispute Resolution. The doctor also said, â€Å"No wonder talking makes things worse† (Stiebel, 1997, p. 1). Listening is crucial to minimizing or eliminating misunderstandings, which take developing skills such as paying attention, giving full eye contact, and not allowing other things to occupy the mind. Although this is good advice, the first barrier is placating. Which simply stated means, keeping silent, or refusing to talk. Often people believe that by not saying anything and letting the other person speak is far better than talking and making matter worse. Sometimes in a heated conversation, the person decides to give ‘the cold shoulder’ and, according to Sole (2011): When one or both parties in a relationship withdraws and refuses to communicate for a lengthy period of time, how ­ever, tension increases, problems remain unresolved, resentments build, and frustration, anger, and increased distance between the parties often result (sec. 9. 1). The second problem happens when a person tries to appease an individual to make the person believe they person are paying attention to them. The article entitled, â€Å"Can We Talk? Improving Couples Communication† says, to be a good listener, it requires not only listening, but also interpreting the person’s emotions, their behavior, and then respond with an appropriate answer (Baugh Humphries, 2001). Thirdly, and this has to be one that all of us have heard, playing games. â€Å"A very recognizable game is â€Å"See What You Made Me Do† (SWYMD) (Sole, 2011, pg. 200), is a good example of the psychological and dysfunctional mind games that people can play that is in no way constructive in growing a lasting and healthy relationship. According to Psychologist Diana Kirschner (2010), â€Å"Men play out unconscious and conscious games which create a maddening push-pull with your heart. That’s why dating and relationships can be so confusing and frustrating† (Kirschner, 2010, para. 3). Perhaps it is the husband or wife who, feeling anything but sociable, just wants others to leave them alone. The mind game played out here is by that person keeping their emotional need for solitude, to themselves instead of sharing this with their significant other. This type of unhealthy psychological mind game can repeat throughout the coming years, and as a result, the person they want to spend time with most, just leaves them alone. Sometimes the person they love most knows all too well they want solitude and disturbs them anyway. People can feel cheated, perhaps time spent with them was sparse, and therefore the quality of the time they had with them is lacking. The Process by Which Self-Concept is Developed and Maintained The way a person sees themself is there self-concept, â€Å"Your self-concept is learned; it is organized, it is dynamic, and it is changeable† (Sole, 2011, sec. 3. 1). In either case, how people see themselves is important. People build this sense of self through intrapersonal communication, which is simply talking to oneself and by communicating with others, but more importantly, how you see yourself, and how others see you. When others judge you, it can be a positive experience, leaving a person with a sense of pride. On the other hand, it also can create a negative and false sense of self. How a person sees himself or herself in the presence of someone better looking or more highly skilled can create within them a low self-image. â€Å"Through information you continually receive from the evaluations others make of you and your abilities, you form this mental image of your physical appearance, of your successes and failures, of your adequacy, and of your worth† (Sole, 2011, sec. 3. 1). The concepts both of you have of yourselves develop from what you have learned from others. These are traits and characteristics and even judgments which help define how you see yourself as a person. Self-concept again is changeable, unlike your self-image, which is the mental picture you establish for yourself. Self-image, on the other hand, is your inner view, compiled with others evaluation, your appearance, and intergraded with personal experiences to make the image you have for yourself (Sole, 2011). In other words, in order to have a healthy concept, as individuals, people must look at him, or her positively, have self-esteem, and self-confidence so as not to believe the negative judgments of others. What is important also to remember is self-image is what you ‘tell yourself’ you look like, rather than how you actually look. To develop a healthy self-concept and image begin â€Å"by accepting and loving yourself and allowing yourself to be accepted and loved by others† (Sole, 2011, sec. 3. 1). Perceptions, Emotions, and Nonverbal Expression Affect Interpersonal Relationships There are other forms of communication without the use of words, that people use consistently on a daily basis. The way individuals stand, or move their heads, and eyes, and even listening are forms of communications that can express emotion. There are techniques a person can adapt from, surprisingly, different venues that can help to improve non-verbal communication skills. Designed for theatrical improvisation, a technique called, â€Å"full-body listening,† designed to increase individual’s non-verbal skills, consists of, focus and acknowledgment. The first skill, focus, is â€Å"about staying in the moment. Consider the conversation and your conversation partner as the most important use of your time right now† (Gesell, 2007, p. 1). If you find that you need to speak to someone, but your mind begins to wander off to other things that need your attention, pull yourself back into the present, the here, and now. The article â€Å"Am I Talking to Me? † discusses how those in improve, visibly discern between the two concepts, focus, and acknowledgement. Although some may not always agree with the idea, they go with it. The method they use, according to the article is called â€Å"Yes, and. † While â€Å"Yes† acknowledges reality, the word â€Å"and† adds to what the person previously said, and helps to move the conversation forward. Not only is this a productive method, but also is a more positive approach than saying â€Å"Yes, but† and â€Å"This synchronicity of focus and acceptance is what results in full-body listening† (Gesell, 2007, p. 1)Secondly, acknowledgment leads to the connection of those communicating, making each co-creators, and closing the gap between the two communicators. Statistically, according to â€Å"A Wink, a Smile, and a Nod† in communicating, words only consists of 14 percent, while seven percent comes from intonation, and lastly, the remaining 79 percent, is all body language. â€Å"When you master the art of when to make eye contact or when to touch your face, you’ll be able to get your message across, receive positive feedback, influence situations, and read other people’s emotional currents–even when words aren’t exchanged† (McVey, 2009, p. 2). Strategies for Managing Interpersonal Conflicts To resolve conflicts, a person must first identify their communication style, of which there are four. The first three described, are those styles which will hinder communication. Passive style, to resolve conflicts, is the individual that will give in when faced with a disagreement, leaving the person to feel â€Å"put upon. † Next is aggressive, a style that causes damage to relationships, is one in which the person speaks with a loud and demanding voice, often speaking harshly causing ever-increasing conflicts. Passive aggressive, is a style much similar to passive, in that the person exudes the same ‘just let it go’ behavior, on the outside, but on the inside the person is angry, resentful, and hoard destructive emotions. The style to put into practice, to cultivate a long and healthy relationship is assertive communication style (Sole, 2011). For those who adapt the assertive style of communication, speak clearly, and without hesitation are open, they speak firmly, and are fluent in their speech pattern of conversation (Sole, 2011). Individuals with this style practice good eye contact use facial expressions suitably, and they stand relaxed with confidence, and unafraid. In other words, as individuals with this style they are ‘well balanced. ’ In resolving conflicts, an article entitled â€Å"Conflict Resolution: What Works? † mentions there are four methods used in resolving conflicts, each with its own benefit. The first, called forcing, is when an individual acts more of the tough-guy, using superiority, and power to make the other person conform to their decision. The benefit in a more business setting is the problem is gone, but in intimate relationships, it may leave the other person feeling as though their point of view is non-important (Phillips Cheston, 1979). Another approach to resolution is the joint-resolution. Here Jon and Astrid, as a couple the goal each would have is to share the facts regarding the dispute or disagreement, feelings, and then together find a solution. The other compromise is a give-and-take where both would give up something to bring to the bargaining table, and the benefit here is simple, the compromise itself resolves the problem. Avoidance resolves nothing, but causes each to harbor ill feelings towards the other instead of expressing, and disclosing the problems immediately (Phillips Cheston, 1979). The only benefit is that the confrontation ends, but ultimately will need attention in the near future. There are no benefits to resolving problems if the solution is avoidance. The only things gained, is resentment, and morose feelings toward each other that may result in the dissolution of the relationship. In summary, effective communication requires time, the willingness to open up, and allow another person in to get to know you intimately. Show you care by listening in other ways such as using eye contact, giving attention to body language, hand gestures, and importantly, not allowing your mind to wander to think about other things, but give full attention to the person speaking. Then if by chance you should disagree, share facts with each other and discuss calmly and respectfully until both of you find a solution. Speak openly, and honestly, because as humans, we reach out and connect to others to form bonds and groups, and as relationships form and lives merge, relationships grow into intimacy. Just as communication is part of human intelligence, effectively communicating means practicing concepts that will help bridge your relationship together for a lifetime to form a strong, healthy, interpersonal line of communication. References

The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians an Example by

The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians According to Charito Ushinahua (2008) the Yanomamo Indians are also called "Yanomami, Guaharibo, Guaica, Guajaribo, Ianomami, Yanoama, Yanomama, Yanomame, and Xiriana" (par. 2) The term "Yanomami" means "human being." Need essay sample on "The Life and Culture of Yanomamo Indians" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed This Indian tribe live in the southern area of Venezuela and north of Brazil. Ushinahua (2008) says there are about 30,000 Yanomamo Indians living in the mentioned areas. (par. 1) This tribe is subdivided into four language families as follows: "Yanoma (Yanomam), Sanuma, Ninam, and Yanam." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 1) Yanomamo Indians are communal and live in a house called "shabono." There are roofed areas where individual families live. They supply themselves with food by fishing and hunting in the Amazon Rainforest. When a certain area is already depleted of resources, they move their village to another area. Both men and women do not wear any clothing except that men wear a belt for support. They also decorate themselves with feathers and flowers ." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 4) As seen in photos, there are ones who have facial pierces of wooden sticks that go across the face. There are also some that apply different colors of inks across their faces and bodies which are tattoo-like. According to Ushinahua, (2008) each shabono is politically and economically independent from other shabonos (par. 4) Communities practice incest or marrying within the family circle: "Community members typically marry within the community with a cross-cousin, that is with the offspring of a paternal aunt or maternal uncle." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 4) Aside from this, it is common, even expected that the man marries several wives. The Yanomamo tribe like other tribes that live in the Amazon, believe in animism. They believe that every plant (be it a shrub or grass) have life, have an animal spirit in them. "The Yanomami refer to these shamanic spirits as xapiripe(sometimes called hekura or hekurape)." (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 5) One must use "yopo" or "bene" which are hallucinogens, in order to see the shaman spirits. The "yopo" is taken from a virola tree. After hunting, the yopo is blown towards the nasal cavities by one man to another using some wooden tool. They believe that once the yopo is transferred, energy is transferred as well. The person then is able to control spirits and gives him the power to heal others and the power to hurt enemies. According to Ushinahua (2008), it was in 1980 when several members of the yanomamo tribe died because of the invasion of miners in their territory. There was an estimated death of 2,000 Indians. These deaths were caused by the massacres. They also died of illnesses incurred from mercury that affected the tribe's source of food and drinking water. The yanomamo Indians are under threat because of the richness of gold in the area where they live. With this, the Brazilian government has placed some protection in the year 1992. The gold miners were displeased and were found guilty of genocide, having committed in 1993 a crime known as the "Haximu Massacre." Ushinahua, (2008) says that to this date, there is still the political issue of reducing the tribe's territory so that the mining operations can take place. It is worthy to note the leader of the yanomamo Indians, Davi Kopenawa foretold the destruction. He said that at one point, the Amazon forest will be destroyed. He enumerated the trees, the creeks, the lands, even the spirits will all die should the forest be killed by "the whites." As he states: "The forest-land will become dry and empty. The shamans will no longer be able to deter the smoke-epidemics and the malefic beings who make us ill. And so everyone will die.' (Ushinahua, 2008, par. 5) References Ushinahua, C. Yanonami Indians: The Fierce People? 2008. Amazon Indian.Org. Retrieved 19 Nov 2008 from http://www.amazon-indians.org/yanomami.html .

Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman

Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman Battle of Jonesboro - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Jonesboro was fought August 31-September 1, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General William T. ShermanMajor General Oliver O. HowardMajor General George H. Thomas6 corps Confederates General John Bell HoodLieutenant General William Hardee2 corps Battle of Jonesboro - Background: Advancing south from Chattanooga in May 1864, Major General William T. Sherman sought to capture the vital Confederate rail hub at Atlanta, GA. Opposed by Confederate forces, he reached the city in July after a protracted campaign in northern Georgia. Defending Atlanta, General John Bell Hood fought three battles with Sherman late in the month at Peachtree Creek,  Atlanta, and  Ezra Church, before retiring into the citys fortifications. Unwilling to launch frontal assaults against prepared defenses, Shermans forces assumed positions west, north, and east of the city and worked to cut it off from resupply. This perceived inaction, along with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant being stalled at Petersburg, began to damage Union morale and led some to fear that President Abraham Lincoln could be defeated in the November election. Assessing the situation, Sherman decided to make efforts to sever the sole remaining railroad into Atlanta, the Macon Western. Departing the city, the Macon Western Railroad ran south to Eastpoint where the Atlanta West Point Railroad split off while the main line continued to and through Jonesboro (Jonesborough). Battle of Jonesboro - The Union Plan: To accomplish this goal, Sherman directed the majority of his forces to pull out of their positions and move around Atlanta to the west before falling upon the Macon Western south of the city. Only Major General Henry Slocums XX Corps was to remain north of Atlanta with orders to guard the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee River and protect the Union lines of communication. The massive Union movement began on August 25 and saw Major General Oliver O. Howards Army of the Tennessee march with orders to strike the railroad at Jonesboro (Map). Battle of Jonesboro - Hood Responds: As Howards men moved out, Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland and Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio were tasked with cutting the railroad farther north. On August 26, Hood was surprised to find the majority of the Union entrenchments around Atlanta empty. Two days later, Union troops reached the Atlanta West Point and began pulling up the tracks. Initially believing this to be a diversion, Hood disregarded the Union efforts until reports began to reach him of a sizable Union force south of the city. As Hood sought to clarify the situation, Howards men reached the Flint River near Jonesboro. Brushing aside a force of Confederate cavalry, they crossed the river and assumed a strong position on heights overlooking the Macon Western Railroad. Surprised by the speed of his advance, Howard halted his command to consolidate and allow his men to rest. Receiving reports of the Howards position, Hood immediately ordered Lieutenant General William Hardee to take his corps and that of Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee south to Jonesboro to dislodge the Union troops and protect the railroad. Battle of Jonesboro - The Fighting Begins: Arriving through the night of August 31, Union interference along the railroad prevented Hardee from being ready to attack until around 3:30 PM. Opposing the Confederate commander were Major General John Logans XV Corps which faced east and Major General Thomas Ransoms XVI Corps which angled back from the Union right. Due to the delays in the Confederate advance, both Union corps had time to fortify their positions. For the assault, Hardee directed Lee to attack Logans line while Major General Patrick Cleburne led his corps against Ransom. Pressing forward, Cleburnes force advanced on Ransom but the attack began to stall when his lead division came under fire from Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick. Regaining some momentum, Cleburne had some success and captured two Union guns before being forced to halt. To the north, Lees Corps moved forward against Logans earthworks. While some units attacked and took heavy losses before being repulsed, others, knowing the near-futility of assaulting fortifications directly, failed to fully join in the effort. Battle of Jonesboro - The Confederate Defeat: Forced to pull back, Hardees command suffered around 2,200 casualties while Union losses numbered only 172. As Hardee was being repulsed at Jonesboro, the Union XXIII, IV, and XIV Corps reached the railroad north of Jonesboro and south of Rough and Ready. As they severed the railroad and telegraph wires, Hood realized his only remaining option was to evacuate Atlanta. Planning to depart after dark on September 1, Hood ordered Lees Corps to return to the city to protect against a Union attack from the south. Left at Jonesboro, Hardee was to hold out and cover the retreat of the army. Assuming a defensive position near the town, Hardees line faced west while his right flank bent back toward to the east. On September 1, Sherman directed Major General David Stanley to take IV Corps south along the railroad, unite with Major General Jefferson C. Davis XIV Corps, and together aid Logan in crushing Hardee. Initially both were to destroy the railroad as they progressed but upon learning that Lee had departed, Sherman directed them to advance as quickly as possible. Arriving on the battlefield, Davis corps assumed as position on Logans left. Directing operations, Sherman ordered Davis to attack around 4:00 PM even through Stanleys men were still arriving. Though an initial attack was turned back, subsequent assaults by Davis men opened a breach in the Confederate lines. As Sherman did not order Howards Army of the Tennessee to attack, Hardee was able to shift troops to seal this gap and prevent IV Corps from turning his flank. Desperately holding out until nightfall, Hardee withdrew south towards Lovejoys Station. Battle of Jonesboro - Aftermath: The Battle of Jonesboro cost Confederate forces around 3,000 casualties while Union losses numbered around 1,149. As Hood had evacuated the city during the night, Slocums XX Corps was able to enter Atlanta on September 2. Pursuing Hardee south to Lovejoys, Sherman learned of the citys fall the next day. Unwilling to attack the strong position that Hardee had prepared, Union troops returned to Atlanta. Telegraphing Washington, Sherman stated, Atlanta is ours, and fairly won. The fall of Atlanta provided a massive boost to Northern morale and played a key role in ensuring the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. Beaten, Hood embarked on a campaign into Tennessee that fall which saw his army effectively destroyed at the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Having secured Atlanta, Sherman embarked upon his March to the Sea which saw him capture Savannah on December 21. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of JonesboroughCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Jonesborough North Georgia: Battle of Jonesboro

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar The English word particle comes from the Latin, a share, part. In English grammar, a  particle is a word that does not change its form through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech. Many particles are closely linked to verbs to form multi-word verbs, such as go away. Other particles include to used with an infinitive and not a negative particle. In tagmemics, the term particle refers to a linguistic unit seen as a discrete entity, definable in terms of its features. (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples and Observations Particles are short words...that with just one or two exceptions are all prepositions unaccompanied by any complement of their own. Some of the most common prepositions belonging to the particle category: along, away, back, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, round, under, up.(Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey Pullum. A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006.) The storm ate up September’s cry of despair, delighted at its mischief, as all storms are.(Valente, Catherynne M. The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making, 2011.) Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesnt go away.(Dick, Philip K. How to Build a Universe That Doesnt Fall Apart Two Days Later, 1978.) I was determined to know beans.(Thoreau, Henry David. Walden, 1854.) I was determined not to give up. [T]he idea (as all pilots understood) was that a man should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line...(Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff, 1979) The Escape Category Particle is...something of an escape (or cop-out) category for grammarians. If its small and you dont know what to call it, call it a particle seems to be the practice; and a very useful practice it is, too, as it avoids pushing words into categories in which they do not properly belong... Do not confuse particle with the similar-looking participle; the latter has a much more well-defined application. (Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994.) Discourse Particles ​Well and now in English... have been referred to as discourse particles, for example by Hansen (1998). Discourse particles are placed with great precision at different places in the discourse and give important clues to how discourse is segmented and processed... Discourse particles are different from ordinary words in the language because of the large number of pragmatic values that they can be associated with. Nevertheless, speakers are not troubled by this multifunctionality but they seem to know what a particle means and be able to use it in different contexts.(Aijmer, Karin. English Discourse Particles: Evidence From a Corpus. John Benjamins, 2002.) Particles in Tagmemics The tagmemics system works on the assumption that any subject can be treated as a particle, as a wave, or as a field. A particle is a simple definition of a static, unchanging, object (e.g., a word, a phrase, or a text as a whole)... A wave is a description of an evolving object... A field is a description of a generic object in a large plane of meaning.(Hain Bonnie A. and Richard Louth, Read, Write, and Learn: Improving Literacy Instruction Across the Disciplines, Teaching in the 21st Century: Adapting Writing Pedagogies to the College Curriculum, ed. by Alice Robertson and Barbara Smith. Falmer Press, 1999.)

You are What you eat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

You are What you eat - Essay Example is a documentary which seeks to portray the hazards of unhealthy eating and its deprecations. The article seeks to convince its viewers that eating natural foods and avoiding industrialized/manufactured foods is suitable for people’s health both in short and long term. The film received mixed reactions from both its critics and supporters, but generally it did achieve its primary objective of sensitizing the people against industrialized foods of which was a noble cause (Top documentary films). Hence, it is essential to choose carefully what one eats as it will determine how healthy the body will be. The documentary Food Inc. was directed by Robert Kenner and co-produced by Eric Schlosser who is also the author of Fast Food Nation. The film explains the situation which arises due to people consuming industrialized foods. It also offers a rejoinder through the president of Stoneyfield Farm which is a highly successful organic yoghurt farm. The film also highlights the acquisiti on of previously independent businesses by multinationals. Examples of such businesses include Kasha which was taken over by Kellogg and Cascadian Farm which was taken over by General Mills. Furthermore, the film portrays how dishonest some farmers are by showing an interview on Joel Salatin, the philosopher farmer from Polyface Farm who shamelessly guts a chicken while explaining how to farm honorably. There is also the issue of access and cost of the health oriented food where a customer drives for five hours so as to pay a premium for Salatin’s products (Top documentary films). One of the film’s sub claims is that most farms which grow organic food do so because of their own financial gain but not for the sake of the buyer and food consumer. This means that the proprietors of the farms can easily drop organic farming if the returns were matching expected profitable levels. A perfect example is Joel Salatin who is a philosopher farmer and is eating chicken while advi sing people on how to practice honorable farming. This clearly shows that even though such farmers know the advantages of organic farming, they are still not ready to abandon the unhealthy foods by consuming the food that they grow and sell to others. The situation also emphasizes on the fact that these categories of farms’ proprietors do not have the consumers’ interests at heart, but instead they engage in organic farming because they are assured of a ready market for their organic products. This market is made up of those people who are keen on what they eat and are aware of the effects foods have on their bodies. The farmers seem to be in the right form of business because their products are in demand and are selling at relatively high prices. This is justified considering the customers who drive for five hours just to get the organic products at a premium rate. Hence, it is justifiable to say that the motive of the film i.e. to portray the farm owners as people wh o engage in organic farming just for profit purposes was successful and effective. Many large companies are manufacturing food because it is much more profitable and less consuming. This is supported by the fact that industrialized foods take a shorter period to be delivered for consumption when compared with organic foods. Despite the disadvantages that come with industrialized foods, they are also beneficial in some ways. Some of the biggest advantages include the fact that they can withstand harsh conditions and are less prone to diseases and infections. These make the foods popular because many farmers and business people prefer to deal with foods that have minimal risk (Johnson 56). However, the advantages of industrialized foods are just a small incentive when compared with

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat Essay

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat - Essay Example question that in recent years Mexican gangs and drug cartels have had a significant impact on the politics of Mexico through the use of political violence. According to Reuters (2010) it is the case that Gunmen working for a mayoral candidate for the PAN Party (Partido Accià ³n Nacional) in Valle Hermoso as the candidate frequently spoke out against drug abuse and the dangers of drug violence. On the other side of the political spectrum it was the case that in Nuevo Laredo in May 2010 hitmen employed by the drug cartels killed two campaigners who worked for a ‘Leftist’ political candidate and then spread printed messages warning all people of the dangers related to supporting that political candidate. According to Ellingwood (2010) the best estimate of the death toll resulting from the Mexican war on drugs is approximately 22,000. With a death toll this high there is little question that the consequences of this war on drugs are severe. It is upon this foundation that the Drug Cartels utilize not only assassination as a direct means of enforcing obedience (Insofar as they simply kill political candidates that oppose them. These drug cartels also go so far as to employ a kind of psychological warfare by using murder as a significant threat to common people for supporting candidates that are against the drug cartels ex. â€Å"Look what happened to those who supported this candidate†¦ this could happen to you!† The former and the latter both represent a kind of terrorism insofar as they are by no means isolated incidents and by completely disregarding non-combatants, and utilizing policies that instill fear into the populous they are indeed committing acts of terror. Moreover the effect is felt across the border in the United States. Much of the drug trade involves smuggling drugs across the border and any intervention from American police forces, drug enforcement agency (DEA) etc. is likely to be met

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example 1. __False__ Suzy is employed as a secretary in the U.S. Senate. Her supervisor has insinuated that there are negative references in her personnel file. Suzy has demanded to see her personnel file and her supervisor has refused. Her supervisor has violated the Privacy Act. No, he has not violated the privacy Act since it relates mostly to health issues but in this case, Suzy is not authorized to see her personal file .It may be against the company policy to show the personal files of the employees. 4. False Melissa is fired for stealing from her employer, LaMont and Co. She is convicted of the theft, but given only a light sentence. Some time later, a prospective employer calls LaMont for a reference, and is told that the reason for Melissa’s termination was that she had committed theft of employer property. Melissa does not get the new job. LaMont has defamed Melissa According to the labour law the employees shall have the right to self organize and form unions or refrain from it. However, unfair labour practice charges can be brought against an employer on account to wages, hours and other terms of employment if they are not in accordance with the state laws or norms prevailing within the company or industry. False, The Wagner Act identifies the unfair labor practices that the employer can be accused of. The Taft Hartley Act was passed to amend the Wagner Act to restrict mis-use of unionism allowed through the Wagner Act. OSHA allows the workers to refuse to work if they see that the employer is violating their duty of providing a safe workplace. The employer is required to take corrective action but can not replace the workers since it is their right under OSHA to refuse to work in unsafe conditions. 14 TRUE OSHA does not hold employers liable for injuries suffered by employees while working in the employee’s home offices, but employers are responsible for injuries suffered by employees if the employee

A L Oreal Case Study Management Essay

A L Oreal Case Study Management Essay Nowadays companies try to be more and more efficient. This concerns not only product quality or production processes but also the quality of the workforce. On that respect, employee management is key in achieving challenging productivity improvement objectives and simply to have the company to perform better. Before talking about the different processes used by companies to train their employees and develop competencies, lets remind ourselves that many constraints have to be taken into account such as local regulations. In France for example there is the DIF, Droit Individuel à   la Formation. Its a law passed in 2004, which allows employees to follow training programs. This to show that the social policy of a state can also affect the training process of employees in a company. In the following paragraph well ignore political aspects and focus on the different processes implemented by LOreal and American Express. LOreal case study Talent management To begin lets take the example of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics and beauty company. This company is well-known to employ Good Practices in Training and personal Development. To illustrate our proposal, we refer to an interview of a Latin American talent managing director of LOreal, Judith Ruiz De Esquide. Her role is to take a look at the different teams based in Latin America. She has to have a good knowledge of the employee motivations, skills, strengths or expectations and she has to match these with the external environment both economic and cultural. LOreal uses the Talent Management Directors network for sharing talent, improve processes and promote international mobility of the employees. Each employee is personally monitored: skills, motivation, achievements and even his sensibility to the environment (very important in the world of Beauty) are assessed on a regular basis. To identify potential talent and thus to manage them, Judith spends most of her time with employees in the Latin America operations of LOreal. The career development is a key factor of success according to Judith. She organizes formal meetings several times per year associated to daily and individual follow-up. Talent management is a process which enables the identification of the employees strengths and weaknesses as well. Given the task the employee has to fulfil or will fulfil in the future, a training plan is derived to close the gap with the targeted competencies that have to be acquired by the employee. In a context of globalization, important companies are composed of thousand of employees. Thus talent management becomes an important contributor to the performance of the company. I think a good talent management system can be very effective in raising the motivation level of the employees. If employees are motivated and they feel as good at work as at home, they will work better and harder for the company. Training programs LOreal also use internal training program to boost their employee skills and motivation. These kinds of programs are designed for managers from several countries. To be efficient they are run several times a year and are organized by companies who are specialist in the field, e.g. Rosinski Company. These programs are offered in several languages such as English, French or Italian. We chose to work with Rosinski Company for multiple reasons: we appreciate this excellent team of experienced and diverse Trainers, the business-oriented learning approach, and the consistently positive feedback after the seminars. Yvonne von de Finn Project Manager Learning for development MDC Europe LOreal Like talent management, training programs are useful in many different ways. They help in motivating employees and giving them the opportunity to improve their skills. Particularly when employees are managers like in the case above, they lead to new professional perspective. I think this kind of programs do bring benefits to the company and can be seen as investments (costs) despite government help in the form of subsidies sometimes. Like any material investment, the return has to be evaluated and thus the impacts of the training have to be quantified and monitored for the sake of efficacy. Talent management shall be focused and targeted at bringing up the competencies of the employees to match the requirements of the organization they belong to. Source: EduChoices.org Learning by doing Companies like LOreal also use practices such as learning by doing to develop skills of their employees. They help them to perform better in their daily tasks and activity. This way of acquiring competencies is built around action and job everyday life rather than formal training programs. Lets see below a brief description of the process according to a professional:  «Ã‚  Instead of a theoretical discussion about strategic planning or project management, for instance, participants develop a usable strategic plan or create deliverables for their project. Employees learn in their own way and at their own pace through assignments that get real work done.  Ã‚ » In my opinion, this method is more than a way to train employees and rather an example that every company should adopt in their daily management scheme. This strategy can be very efficient because it allows for a focus on problems of real interest to the company, on which each employee can find solutions. Its very concrete and precise because it directly applies to the job himself. American Express Case study The concept of diversity management American Express received recently the tittle of  «Ã‚  Top Company for Employee-Resource Groups  Ã‚ ». American Express is a good example of how the concept of diversity management is implemented in large companies.  «Ã‚  Diversity management must begin with visible leadership. This means that the CEO and executive team must lead by example and be visible supporters of diversity as a business driver while holding their direct reports accountable for results  ». The management of diversity can be very useful for the development of employees in several ways. When you work with people from different countries and different cultures, you may learn more than working with people from the same country as yours. I think this climate of diversity allows for the development of new working methods and new ways of seeing things. Yet I think that valid metrics are needed to see the positive impact of diversity management. Management should in this case set up clear objectives and preserve middle management. This rather new concept has to be well managed in order to perform better than classical work model. A diverse and inclusive culture is a corporate asset for American Express. Kenneth Chenault, Chairman Chief Executive Officer. Transferability of knowledge and skills back to the job On this last part, Id like to comment on the transferability of knowledge. I think each employee or manager has to keep in mind that the transfer of training, i.e. knowledge capitalization, is the key in terms of value for a company in the long run. The knowledge of each employee should be easily transferable to other new employee and this should be handled through a complete and thorough process. This is good for the integration of new employees. They always perform and feel better after a good training on the task they are supposed to perform. Another important element is the fact that new skill or knowledge should be maintained once they have been completed. My current experience as an intern on a trading desk at HSBC Paris is in my opinion a very relevant example. Before really starting I had a 3-week training with the past intern. Then I learnt how to use the IT system, how to work in a specific environment, how to deal with the daily tasks I was supposed to fulfil. These 3 weeks taught me also how to behave not only with my colleagues but also with the clients of HSBC. It was for my integration. It gave me confidence but provided me with a significant increase in efficiency and well-being. Conclusion

Over My Dead Body Essay -- essays research papers

I have often wondered why people went through so much time and money disposing of dead bodies. Once the person dies, I seriously doubt that they care what happens to their body. In the past, bodies have been put to rest many different ways. Cultures have a large effect on this. Some cultures would burn the body or hang them up high so the spirits could be released. Nevertheless, I have only found three legal ways to dispose of a dead body in the United States today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burial is the traditional way to go. The majority of our population is put six feet under in an expensive casket, just so they can rot. Burying someone almost seems rude because it allows the worms, bacteria, and other decomposers to eat away at the body. Besides that, cemeteries are taking up a large amount of land that could be used for something useful. Also, when having an open casket funeral, I believe that it brings more pain to the family. They then have to face the reality while staring at the gross cadaver. Sometimes families even get in large arguments over what the person is going to wear when buried. I believe that we could all save stress, time, and money by finding better way to dispose of our bodies. I feel that there are better options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cremation has many advantages but is rarely used unless the person is badly hurt or has no family. Some people think that cremation is morbid and sick, but I believe that it makes good sense. By cremating...

Professor Howard Zinn’s purpose for writing “A People’s History of the United States”

1. In a nutshell, Professor Howard Zinn’s purpose for writing â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† was to offer a history of the United States (from the first settlers all the way to the mid ­1970’s at the time of publishing) that did not outright lie or â€Å"sugar coat† our country’s past. Furthermore, Zenn seeks to avoid manipulating our history as a means to calm the reader, albeit causing controversy when his book first debuted.Additionally, in the word’s of the author himself, â€Å"If history is to be creative, to anticipate a possible future without denying the past, it should, I believe, emphasize new possibilities by disclosing those hidden episodes of the past when, even if in brief flashes, people showed their ability to resist, to join together, occasionally to win. I am supposing, or perhaps only hoping, that our future may be found in the past's fugitive moments of compassion rather than in its solid centuri es of warfare.†By this, I’m confident one of his goals was to demonstrate the impact of the human spirit and how even though â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† is filled with the sad reality that conflict is always present in our society, it also shows that sometimes good triumphs over evil and that maybe history doesn’t have to repeat itself once more. 2.The thesis for pages 1 ­11 of, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† essentially revolves around the statement, â€Å"It is enough to make us question, for that time and ours, the excuse of progress in the annihilation of races, and the telling of history from the standpoint of the conquerors and leaders of Western civilization. † This is a concise summary of pages 1 ­11, stating the claim of Zenn’s underlying argument in regards to all the information presented in the first chapter. 3. Howard Zinn held the now ­mainstream idea that traditional (school) history

Donna Haraway Analysis of Haraway Primate Visions essays

Donna Haraway Analysis of Haraway Primate Visions essays Haraway deconstructs the institution of the museum and reveals the fissures in the ideology of male discourse and the re-presentation of the world from a certain point of view and ideological bias. The museum acts as a form of legitimization and as a reality construct that represents the dominant culture. Through a wide range of interacting images and ideas, Haraway explores the museum as reality creating machine that reflects patriarchal In the analysis of Akeley's life, Haraway presents"polyphony of stories that do not harmonize". (35) The concept of taxidermy serves as a crucial fulcrum in this analysis; "Taxidermy was made into the servant of the real' artificial children, better than life, were born from dead The above statement epitomizes the tone and deconstructive nature of her central theme. This theme is the creation or re-presentation of the real within the ideological format and parameters of those who pretend to create. This is not only a deconstruction of the issues and ambiguities of a taxidermist's life but also a dissection of Western cultural norms and values. Throughout the emphasis is on the fact that nature, science and the museum are technological constructions that are created through ideology and social praxis'. The dioramas are meaning-machines' in that they are productions or creations that reflect a certain ideological viewpoint and structure; and serve to legitimize and perpetuate that world- Haraway states that Akeley's life, ambition and vocation was the production' of a craft for eliciting unambiguous experience of organic perfection'. (39) The words production' and unambiguous' provides the clues to the essence of her understanding of the technology of ideology that manufactures or produces a certainty and a version of reality. ...

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays Keynesian Theory and the New Deal The crash of the stock market brought many hard times. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a way to fix these times. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes were two economists whose economic theories greatly influenced and helped Franklin D. Roosevelt devise a plan to rescue the United States from the Great Depression it had fallen into. John Stuart Mill was a strong believer of expanded government, which the New Deal provided. John Maynard Keynes believed in supply and demand, which the New Deal used to stabilize the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal is the plan that brought the U.S. out of the Great Depression. It was sometimes thought to be an improvised plan, but was actually very thought out. Roosevelt was not afraid to involve the central government in addressing the economic problem. The basic plan was to stimulate the economy by creating jobs. First Roosevelt tried to help the economy with the National Recovery Administration. The NRA spread work and reduced unfair competitive practices by cooperation in industry. Eventually the NRA was declared unconstitutional. Franklin D. Roosevelt then needed a new plan. Keeping the same idea of creating jobs he made many other organizations devoted to forming jobs and in turn helping the economy. One of those organizations was the Civilian Conservation Corps. This corps took men off the streets and paid them to plant forests and drain swamps. Another of these organizations was the Public Works Administration. This organization employed men to build highways and public buildings. These were only some of the organizations dedicated to creating jobs. Creating jobs was important because it put money in the hands of the consumer. This directly affected the supply and demand. The more money they had the more they could spend. This would slowly start a chain reaction and bring the economy back to the way it was before the depression. By the end of the 1930's this plan had lowered unemployment to 17.2%. To make these organizations it was going to take money. Roosevelt had to deficit spend, which is when the government spends more than their budget in one year, in order to obtain this money. Of course these ideas of supply and demand and active government didn't just come to him. He was influenced by John Maynard Keynes and John Stuart Mill. There philosophies were the basis of the New Deal. John Stuart Mill, who began studying economics at age 13, was one of the most influential political thinkers of the mid-Victorian period. He believed in empiricism and utilitarianism. Empiricism is the belief that legitimate knowledge comes only from experience. Utilitarianism is the belief by which things are judged right or wrong. It is judged according to their consequences. In a way he was a hypocrite. When the economy was good he believed in Laisezz-Faire, which means "hands off." If the economy was bad, though, he believed in an extended role of government. This simply meant that the government should take part in the economy and try to make it better. The New Deal was a very active government plan because it had the government working directly to make jobs and fix the economy. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a press conference Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "I brought down several books by English economists and leading American economists, I suppose I must have read different articles by fifteen different experts."(Schlesinger, Pg.650) This writing indirectly steered Roosevelt towards a plan which expanded the role of government. Mill gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the basis of the plan, but it needed to be elaborated on. John Maynard Keynes was the man to do this. John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. For many years he was an active voice in economics. In 1929 he wrote We Can Conquer Unemployment and in 1930 he wrote his Treatise on Money. Ten years before he died he wrote his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Above all he believed in supply and demand. This was an indirect way to let the economy balance itself. In

Generating Theory from Practice nursing as disipline Essay

Generating Theory from Practice nursing as disipline - Essay Example Therefore, a scientific and philosophical paradigm of nursing practice is presented further on, representing previous and modern approaches to nursing practice. The outline of the paper is the following: A. Introduction B. General discussion 1) What is nursing? 2) Scientific paradigms in nursing; 3) Reflective practice in nursing; 4) The role of theory in nursing practice; 5) A correlation between theory and practice in nursing; 6) Reflective practice as experience application; C. Conclusion What is nursing? It has been often claimed that nursing is a practical human science. The meaning of the word â€Å"practical† should be better interpreted. Further consideration about â€Å"practical† aspect of nursing is correlated with the study conducted by Bishop and Schudder (1990). These scientists underlined that â€Å"practical† meaning of nursing implies a constant acquisition of required knowledge by nurses. In spite of the majority of works considering nursing as a practical aspect, a theoretical aspect of nursing is also worth being considered. We tent more to the works by Jean Watson (1985), Newman (1986) and others who correlated nursing with science. Philosophical background of nursing was shaped under the influence of phenomenology and such philosophers as Heidegger, Dilthey and Foucault. In order nursing could be positioned as a scientific field, it is relevant for nurses to enrich their philosophical and intellectual background and develop â€Å"various models of thinking† (Munhall 1992, p. 371). Currently, there is a need to develop knowledge among nurses. On the one hand, knowledge should be generated in the process of practicing, but on the other hand knowledge should be viewed as a temporary phenomenon. In the course of time knowledge is being developed under the influence of external factors. Thus, knowledge gaining in practice should be made in dynamics and it requires a personal development and self-perfection of a nurse . Generally, nursing is usually correlated with the field of human science. Nursing practice has been developed under the influence of current scientific tendencies, and is currently being considered as a complex knowledge. Nurses meet complex situations and it is on their behalf to solve these problems. Experts have introduced a new term of â€Å"intuition† in nursing. Moreover, nursing knowledge development would be considered on the background of reflective practice. Scientific paradigms in nursing Further on, it is necessary to consider possible paradigms involved in nursing learning. The most widely applied paradigms are the following: â€Å"positivist, post-positivist, interpretive and critical theory research paradigms† (Long and Johnson 2000, p. 459). Feminist philosophy is also applied in nursing knowledge development. All these paradigms and approaches are directed on imputation a status of a scientific and professional nature to nursing. With this respect, s ome writers would argue that it is thus necessary to introduce qualitative researches and terminology of positivist research into this field, because â€Å"there is nothing to be gained from the use of alternative terms which, on analysis, often prove to be identical to the traditional terms of reliability and validity† (Long & Johnson 2000, p. 30). For nurses, as well for other researchers, it is necessary to achieve positive research results in case their research strategies are valid.

Business Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Presentation - Essay Example I have set a meeting with the m next week in order for us to discuss my business plan. I believe that the use of meeting as a mode of communication emphasizes my deep respect for the organization. However, recognizing that the CEO and high ranking officials are always preoccupied with important issues in the business organization, I have only limited the meeting to 30 minutes. This way, I will not be taking them too long from their other tasks. My plan is to borrow an amount of $50,000 payable in ten years. I believe that the utmost concern of the investors will be my capability of paying them the quarterly interests and the principal. Secondly, they would also want to be informed where their fund will be utilized. With this, my presentation will focus on the profitability and the operation of my distance learning institution. Since my audience is comprised of individuals who have gained expertise in managing companies, I am compelled to illustrate my business plan through the use of important business concepts. With these crucial considerations, my presentation will be composed of three parts. ... Knowing that they are already familiar with other distance learning start-ups, I will only be focusing on the institutions offering information technology courses. I have already researched information on this and found out that the market for this service is relatively unsaturated with only ten distance learning institutions worldwide. In contrast, individuals seeking IT courses are mounting due to the perceived importance of technology in business organizations. I would want to emphasize that there is a huge opportunity in distance learning industry specifically in information technology courses. I will be presenting the industry growth and the significant trends. In the second part, I will be presenting my business plan to inform them how the business will operate. In order to maximize the time, I will only be presenting the highlights as derived from the executive summary. Special emphasis will be put on the marketing strategy, value chain, customer support, and strategies. I will also stress the difference of my distance learning institution with the other competitors in the industry. As you know, I have looked at the weaknesses of the operation of the current players and based the operation of my institution in them. I believe that this information is very crucial to the audience as I know that they are also contemplating in investing in other distance learning start-ups. Lastly, I will show the financial aspects of the business organization. First, I will determine the resources needed to start the operation including the workforce, equipments, and marketing materials. This is to give them an idea where their investment will be spent. Next, I will be showing my sales and

External and Internal Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

External and Internal Environments - Essay Example 2. Influence of the external environment The outcome of an organization as well as the industry to which it belongs depends upon the affect of the external factors. USA is reviving slowly from the catastrophic financial distress. The financial distress wrecked havoc in all the industrial sectors. The banks and financial institutions suffered the most as well as the oil and gas industry (Stephen, 2012). This is because of the reason that the USA government provided significant amount of financial help in the form of rebates and commissions to the oil and gas companies. The financial distress reduced the financial help packages forwarded by the government to the companies by almost half. Thus it is important to analyze how the oil and gas industry adopted to the changing environmental factors. The company chosen for analysis is British Petroleum (BP). There are several factors affecting the outcome of the organization like the political, economical, social, technological, legal and env ironmental (Stigler, 2009). Among these only technological and economical factors are chosen since both these factors have the most significant influence over the outcome of the organization. ... BP has adopted several strategies to tide over the various environmental concerns. To improve the technological efficiency BP concentrated on the rapid improvement of the three most basic and important part of the whole operations. One is achieving operational excellence in the upstream activities, the second one is achieving operational excellence in the downstream operations and the third one is improvising the distribution system (Subramanyam, 2002). The improvement in the above three areas increased the generation of revenue by as much as 10% over the last ten years. The economical conditions are different across different countries from where BP operates. BP adopted the strategy of netting the transactions. Netting helps to bring balance in the overall transactions. Due to different economical conditions of the countries, transactional imbalance sets in. The transactional imbalance is nullified with the help of netting. Over the last couples of decades BO has formed strategic pa rtnerships with several small and medium oil and gas companies (Subramanyam, 2006). Other than that it has performed several mergers and acquisitions. These strategic partnerships and mergers and acquisitions have helped the company counteract the ups and downs of the economy across several countries. 4. Ways in which the company address the forces BP has a dedicated team of experts comprising of technicians, engineers, scientists and field specialists spread across different operational base. These teams of experts usually work far away from the actual operational site. Due the need to innovate and improve the present technologies, BP is contemplating to form dedicated research teams for each operational bases. This way the work load will get distributed (Teoh, 2003). As it is

Oscilloscope and Digital Voltmeter Essay Example for Free

Oscilloscope and Digital Voltmeter Essay A voltmeter is an instrument used for measuring the electrical potential difference between two points in an electric circuit. Analog voltmeters move a pointer across a scale in proportion to the voltage of the circuit; digital voltmeters give a numerical display of voltage by use of an analog to digital converter. Voltmeters are made in a wide range of styles. Instruments permanently mounted in a panel are used to monitor generators or other fixed apparatus. Portable instruments, usually equipped to also measure current and resistance in the form of a multimeter, are standard test instruments used in electrical and electronics work. Any measurement that can be converted to a voltage can be displayed on a meter that is suitably calibrated; for example, pressure, temperature, flow or level in a chemical process plant. General purpose analog voltmeters may have an accuracy of a few per cent of full scale, and are used with voltages from a fraction of a volt to several thousand volts. Digital meters can be made with high accuracy, typically better than 1%. Specially calibrated test instruments have higher accuracies, with laboratory instruments capable of measuring to accuracies of a few parts per million. Meters using amplifiers can measure tiny voltages of micro volts or less. Part of the problem of making an accurate voltmeter is that of calibration to check its accuracy. In laboratories, the Weston Cell is used as a standard voltage for precision work. Precision voltage references are available based on electronic circuits. and supply voltage variations. To ensure that a digital voltmeters reading is within the manufacturers specified tolerances, they should be periodically calibrated against a voltage standard such as the Weston cell. Digital voltmeters necessarily have input amplifiers, and, like vacuum tube voltmeters, generally have a constant input resistance of 10 megohms regardless of set measurement range. A digital voltmeter, or DVM, is used to take highly accurate voltage measurements. These instruments measure the electrical potential difference between two conductors in a circuit. DVMs are electric voltmeters, and the preferred standard, as they offer several benefits over their analog counterparts. Voltmeters are used to measure the gain or loss of voltage between two points in a circuit. The leads are connected in parallel on each side of the circuit being tested. The positive terminal of the meter should be connected closest to the power supply. In turn, the negative terminal would be connected after the circuit being tested. The analog dial or digital display will exhibit the voltage measurement. In this circuit, Atmel AT89C51 microcontroller is used for controlling the ADC and LCD display devices. ADC 0804 is used for analog to digital conversion. Port2 of AT89C51 microcontroller is used to interface with LCD display. The control lines of LCD are interfaced with Port3 Register Select – P3.0 Read/Write – P3.1 Enable – P3.2 The 11.0592Mhz crystal is used. Theory behind calculation of Voltage divider circuit The input voltage to ADC should not increase 5V and the maximum I/p Voltage to voltmeter is 15V only. So, the design of voltage divider circuit as follows where Vmax = Maximum i/p voltage to voltmeter, Vip = i/p voltage to ADC R1 and R2 are resistance of voltage divider circuit. Digital voltmeters (DVM) The first digital voltmeter was invented and produced by Andrew Kay of Non-Linear Systems (and later founder of Kaypro) in 1954. Digital voltmeters are usually designed around a special type of analog-to-digital converter called an integrating converter. Voltmeter accuracy is affected by many factors, including temperature

Vegetarianism: Is It the Best Choice? Essay -- Healthy Lifestyle Essay

The National Institutes of Health have proven that over five hundred thousand Americans die each year from coronary heart disease. They also have found that over seven million Americans are suffering from this disease at this present time (â€Å"Facts about Coronary Disease†). This same article explains that coronary disease is the most prominent form of heart disease. There are many risk factors that have been linked to coronary heart disease, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, diabetes and obesity just to name a few. These are all risk factors that can be controlled by people on their own, without the use of drugs or any medical help. There are a few exceptions, however, gender, heredity and age can also lead to this disease and these are factors that cannot be controlled by a person. The diet one chooses can serve as a preventative measure. Coronary disease is caused by thickening in the heart’s coronary arteries, which prevents nutrients and oxygen from flowing to the heart. The thickening of the arteries comes from the excessive amounts of saturated fat consumed by a person from years of careless dieting (Internet). A vegetarian diet eliminates one of the major elements in a person’s diet that contains fat. Meat is high in saturated fat. Whether it is, pork, beef, chicken, or turkey, meat contains fat from the animal that does not need to be consumed. When people cook these meats, they add different types of oils and seasonings that increase the fat intake and abuse of these foods could lead to obesity. This is another major cause of coronary heart disease. If one’s diet is based on vegetables and other non-animal foods, the chance of acquiring heart disease dramatically drops because they can eliminate two of the major causes, high cholesterol and obesity. The reason for this is obvious, non-anim al based foods do not contain high amounts of saturated fat that clog the arteries, therefore, helping one maintain a very healthy and strong heart. So far, how one’s diet affects their health by increasing the chances of heart disease has been explained. Robert Schneider, a practicing medical doctor, revealed in his book, Cancer Prevention Made Easy, that one’s diet also increases the chance of cancer. Because diet is the focus, colon, stomach and breast cancer are the most common forms that are influenced by diet. Schneider in his research has ... ...s, grains, and nuts, generally for ethical, ascetic, or nutritional reasons† (â€Å"Vegetarianism†). This definition explains why people choose to be vegetarians. Whether ethical or ascetic, the main reason for this choice is nutritional benefit. Vegetarianism improves a person’s health and gives their body a better chance of resisting diseases. These benefits together help a person live a healthier and more productive lifestyle which is what the majority of the world wants today. Adopting this diet could be one of the best choices one can make especially if they want to be successful and make a better contribution to society. For others who believe in God, making a choice to be vegetarian will help protect His temple which is the body. With all the disease in the animal kingdom today, vegetarianism will soon be the only choice for a healthy diet. All the information stated above proves that vegetarianism is worth adopting and it puts to rest any negative myth s people may have heard about it. Many say people were put here for some other purpose than to take up space and then die. If this is to be true, they must not treat their bodies like dirt so they can be the best that they can be.

Espionage Act and the First Amendment Essay

The Espionage Act of 1917 is a US federal law which was passed after the First World War under the administration of President Woodrow Wilson. The law puts it a crime against the state to leak information to outsiders under the intention of creating hindrances to the operation of the US armed forces. This was passed for the fear that oppositions at the middle of the war shall constitute a direct peril to the security of American victory. This crime shall render a maximum of twenty years in prison plus the fine to those who will be suspected to attempt â€Å"insubordination, disloyalty, mutiny or refusal of duty in the military or naval forces of the United States. † (US Espionage Act) However, Espionage Act was extended later on by the Sedition Act of 1918. This law made it illegal to speak anything against the government (US Code Collection). Part of this law forbids individuals from â€Å"willfully communicating† to any person, who in return is also held prohibited to receive certain information that the government deems to post threat to the country’s national security (Vladeck 5). The US Espionage and Sedition Acts were utilized in some prosecutions although these were considered unconstitutional and violations of human rights. Albeit oppositions and cancellation of some parts of this law, until the present time, major portions of the Espionage Act is still part of the current United States law. On the other hand, the First Amendment to the United States Constitution forbids federal legislatures that shall hinder free exercise of religion, laws that shall violate freedom of speech, infringe freedom of the press, limit right to peaceful assembly and limit the rights of the people to address the government with regards to their grievances (Collins). First Amendment to the United States Constitution is a part of the United States Bill of Rights. In an instant look, the connection between the Espionage Act and the First Amendment, would seem to be the case that the first violates the latter. Espionage Act violates freedom of speech of the Americans that is well constituted in the First Amendment to the US Constitution. † Though in contrast to the supposed protective purpose of the First Amendment, its constitution was efficiently manipulated by the Supreme Court in such a way that restriction for freedom of speech is permitted extensively. The Supreme Court instead of being protective to the rights of speech freedom has rather made restrictions on it and suggested that any form of speech or writing that endangers the state shall be subjected to punishment. However, there are no limitations or standards that would uniformly base a judgment on whether a particular speech will instigate threats to the state. Thus, the privilege to consider something a threat is being left in the hands of lawmakers, making it more dangerous and hazardous to civilians that are vocal to their opinion and ideas. The continuity of the Espionage Act and Sedition Law was further translated through the Smith Act, which on the other end was still protected under the First Amendment. The Smith Act made any means or attempt of overthrowing the American government by force or violence punishable. Ideally, it sounded as a form of protectionism for the government. But in reality, this was mainly used as a weapon to contain Communism during this era. And despite its questionable standing regarding the constitutionality of the Act, the Supreme Court made it possible to put its â€Å"advocacy of action† under protection through the tenets of the First Amendment. Thus making it possible to censor any form of speech that shall incite the overthrow of government, and in turn punish anyone that shall render this act. Thus, the Espionage Act works relatively in relation with the First Amendment. Though, Espionage Act is suppressive in nature, such that it limits, if not prohibits freedom of speech; the First Amendment has always been a protective shield for the would-be-violations of the Espionage Act. The First Amendment plays as a legalizing and legitimizing mechanism for the policies that are under the Espionage Act. On the other hand, the First Amendment, though ideally must support and encourage the freedom rights of civilians, journalists and even activists, it doesn’t serve its purpose but rather serves as sugar-coat for the continuing suppression of freedom of speech for most of the people. Consequently, the First Amendment has not been of any help for the protection of journalists because it always reasons out on the basis of â€Å"national security measures† which are at most times vague definitions (Vladeck 16). Thus the First Amendment only regulates the inflow of information, and in the process renders journalists the incapacity to deliver â€Å"good-faith† investigations that are of great public concern for it may be taken as something that shall threaten national security and harm national interests. Therefore, there exists a direct relationship between the two. Though ideally, First Amendment must take a part that is contrasting to the Espionage Act such that it shall serve as checks and balance to minimize violations of freedom rights, contrastingly though, the First Amendment serves as protection for the legality of the Espionage Act.

How to Write a Ccot Essay

WHAT IS THE CCOT ESSAY -the CCOT deals specifically with analysis of continuities and changes over time covering at least one of the perisds in the coarse outline -for examples it might address technology ,trade, culture, migrations, or environment -the CCOT questions requires analysis of process and explanation of the cause with specific examples THE PURPOSE -the evaluate your availing to analyze historical changes and continuities that. Have shaped events social political economical developments in history and ability to gauge your analysis of global processesWHAT YOU NEED TO DO -CHANGE -recognize it as it occurs in history -identify and understand the causes of change -CONTINUITY -recognize factors which remain the same throughout and entire period -identify and understand factors which allow this to continue THE CHANGE -must discuss (use concrete details) and analyze changes that occurred relevant to the question -if the questions discusses specific terms such as social and polit ical ,you need to focus on political and social changes -if the questions is more vague, you need to think of aspects to base your analysis on.THE CONTINUITY -the questions also ask you to adress continuities general these are patterns or cultural tendencies that remain stagnant for years and years – for example think of the role of women,reliegons,philosophies,or conflict between social classes -it very important to remember that you need to have concrete details to back up your continuity STARTING AND ENDING POINTS -I order to get complete credit for the CCOT you need to address the starting point -I order to analyze changes you must discuss what it was like before -however pay attention to time period given the question you essay may require -starting point transistor and ending condition or -starting point and ending condition -meaning the outline/pure write is essential GOOD AND BAD CHANGES -you must identify the change and make it clear why that change occurred -bad Pri or to 1948 the Jewish people had no homeland on 1948 Isreal was established – Good -in the early 20th century , few people saw a need for establishing of an independent Jewish state.However, once the world realized the massive gene code of Jews that took place during World War Two , support for the establishment of Isreal began to grow FUNDAMENTALS OF THE CCOT -thesis should define areas of change and areas of continuity -establishment time period boundaries and address entire period -this can be done in 2 sentences -address both continuity and change – everyone forget s to do continuity -analyze the cause of changes – use the word because a lot -discuss global context Connect to world processes and change HELPFUL HINTS draw a timeline to help connect the era and events you will talk about -identify what the situation was at the beginning of the ra also known as a baseline – cite a fact about this -identify the situation was at the end of The era -cite a fact about this -try to explain the process of change -why did this happen? COMMON TRIGGERS FOR CHAMGE -consider that change happens enevenly in places and overtime -often speeding up to the change -are their steps to the change -intermediate points between the beginning and end period are importantHISTORICAL CONTEXTS -remember that changes and continuities in a particular region do not happen on a vacuum -use varying scope -global trend vs regional vs local -don't be afraid to note exceptions to a trend HOW TO ANSWER THW CCOT ESSAY APPROACH #1-DIRECT -basis body paragraph around the changes and continuities you identify 1 topic sentence 2 baseline 3 causes of change or context 4 evidence – early middle late 5 summary of change – status attend of period & significance HOW TO ANSWER THE CCOT ESSAY APPROACH # 2-NARRATIVE describe the foo of history from begging to end with embedded changes continuities -bases body paragraph around sub periods -topic sentience -context -c haracteristics deve to and processes that change/stay the same -causes of changes seen in period and significance How did geography effect the development mod early civilizations -location -climate -physical landscape -how do they irrigate crops? -what Crops do they grow – how do they trade, over land,river,seas? -how do they interact with the environment? -many more questions your can ask†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..