Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman

Battle of Jonesboro - Atlanta Campaign - Civil War - William Sherman Battle of Jonesboro - Conflict Dates: The Battle of Jonesboro was fought August 31-September 1, 1864, during the American Civil War (1861-1865). Armies Commanders Union Major General William T. ShermanMajor General Oliver O. HowardMajor General George H. Thomas6 corps Confederates General John Bell HoodLieutenant General William Hardee2 corps Battle of Jonesboro - Background: Advancing south from Chattanooga in May 1864, Major General William T. Sherman sought to capture the vital Confederate rail hub at Atlanta, GA. Opposed by Confederate forces, he reached the city in July after a protracted campaign in northern Georgia. Defending Atlanta, General John Bell Hood fought three battles with Sherman late in the month at Peachtree Creek,  Atlanta, and  Ezra Church, before retiring into the citys fortifications. Unwilling to launch frontal assaults against prepared defenses, Shermans forces assumed positions west, north, and east of the city and worked to cut it off from resupply. This perceived inaction, along with Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant being stalled at Petersburg, began to damage Union morale and led some to fear that President Abraham Lincoln could be defeated in the November election. Assessing the situation, Sherman decided to make efforts to sever the sole remaining railroad into Atlanta, the Macon Western. Departing the city, the Macon Western Railroad ran south to Eastpoint where the Atlanta West Point Railroad split off while the main line continued to and through Jonesboro (Jonesborough). Battle of Jonesboro - The Union Plan: To accomplish this goal, Sherman directed the majority of his forces to pull out of their positions and move around Atlanta to the west before falling upon the Macon Western south of the city. Only Major General Henry Slocums XX Corps was to remain north of Atlanta with orders to guard the railroad bridge over the Chattahoochee River and protect the Union lines of communication. The massive Union movement began on August 25 and saw Major General Oliver O. Howards Army of the Tennessee march with orders to strike the railroad at Jonesboro (Map). Battle of Jonesboro - Hood Responds: As Howards men moved out, Major General George H. Thomas Army of the Cumberland and Major General John Schofields Army of the Ohio were tasked with cutting the railroad farther north. On August 26, Hood was surprised to find the majority of the Union entrenchments around Atlanta empty. Two days later, Union troops reached the Atlanta West Point and began pulling up the tracks. Initially believing this to be a diversion, Hood disregarded the Union efforts until reports began to reach him of a sizable Union force south of the city. As Hood sought to clarify the situation, Howards men reached the Flint River near Jonesboro. Brushing aside a force of Confederate cavalry, they crossed the river and assumed a strong position on heights overlooking the Macon Western Railroad. Surprised by the speed of his advance, Howard halted his command to consolidate and allow his men to rest. Receiving reports of the Howards position, Hood immediately ordered Lieutenant General William Hardee to take his corps and that of Lieutenant General Stephen D. Lee south to Jonesboro to dislodge the Union troops and protect the railroad. Battle of Jonesboro - The Fighting Begins: Arriving through the night of August 31, Union interference along the railroad prevented Hardee from being ready to attack until around 3:30 PM. Opposing the Confederate commander were Major General John Logans XV Corps which faced east and Major General Thomas Ransoms XVI Corps which angled back from the Union right. Due to the delays in the Confederate advance, both Union corps had time to fortify their positions. For the assault, Hardee directed Lee to attack Logans line while Major General Patrick Cleburne led his corps against Ransom. Pressing forward, Cleburnes force advanced on Ransom but the attack began to stall when his lead division came under fire from Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Judson Kilpatrick. Regaining some momentum, Cleburne had some success and captured two Union guns before being forced to halt. To the north, Lees Corps moved forward against Logans earthworks. While some units attacked and took heavy losses before being repulsed, others, knowing the near-futility of assaulting fortifications directly, failed to fully join in the effort. Battle of Jonesboro - The Confederate Defeat: Forced to pull back, Hardees command suffered around 2,200 casualties while Union losses numbered only 172. As Hardee was being repulsed at Jonesboro, the Union XXIII, IV, and XIV Corps reached the railroad north of Jonesboro and south of Rough and Ready. As they severed the railroad and telegraph wires, Hood realized his only remaining option was to evacuate Atlanta. Planning to depart after dark on September 1, Hood ordered Lees Corps to return to the city to protect against a Union attack from the south. Left at Jonesboro, Hardee was to hold out and cover the retreat of the army. Assuming a defensive position near the town, Hardees line faced west while his right flank bent back toward to the east. On September 1, Sherman directed Major General David Stanley to take IV Corps south along the railroad, unite with Major General Jefferson C. Davis XIV Corps, and together aid Logan in crushing Hardee. Initially both were to destroy the railroad as they progressed but upon learning that Lee had departed, Sherman directed them to advance as quickly as possible. Arriving on the battlefield, Davis corps assumed as position on Logans left. Directing operations, Sherman ordered Davis to attack around 4:00 PM even through Stanleys men were still arriving. Though an initial attack was turned back, subsequent assaults by Davis men opened a breach in the Confederate lines. As Sherman did not order Howards Army of the Tennessee to attack, Hardee was able to shift troops to seal this gap and prevent IV Corps from turning his flank. Desperately holding out until nightfall, Hardee withdrew south towards Lovejoys Station. Battle of Jonesboro - Aftermath: The Battle of Jonesboro cost Confederate forces around 3,000 casualties while Union losses numbered around 1,149. As Hood had evacuated the city during the night, Slocums XX Corps was able to enter Atlanta on September 2. Pursuing Hardee south to Lovejoys, Sherman learned of the citys fall the next day. Unwilling to attack the strong position that Hardee had prepared, Union troops returned to Atlanta. Telegraphing Washington, Sherman stated, Atlanta is ours, and fairly won. The fall of Atlanta provided a massive boost to Northern morale and played a key role in ensuring the reelection of Abraham Lincoln. Beaten, Hood embarked on a campaign into Tennessee that fall which saw his army effectively destroyed at the Battles of Franklin and Nashville. Having secured Atlanta, Sherman embarked upon his March to the Sea which saw him capture Savannah on December 21. Selected Sources History of War: Battle of JonesboroughCWSAC Battle Summaries: Battle of Jonesborough North Georgia: Battle of Jonesboro

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Particle Definition and Examples in English Grammar The English word particle comes from the Latin, a share, part. In English grammar, a  particle is a word that does not change its form through inflection and does not easily fit into the established system of parts of speech. Many particles are closely linked to verbs to form multi-word verbs, such as go away. Other particles include to used with an infinitive and not a negative particle. In tagmemics, the term particle refers to a linguistic unit seen as a discrete entity, definable in terms of its features. (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). Examples and Observations Particles are short words...that with just one or two exceptions are all prepositions unaccompanied by any complement of their own. Some of the most common prepositions belonging to the particle category: along, away, back, by, down, forward, in, off, on, out, over, round, under, up.(Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey Pullum. A Students Introduction to English Grammar. Cambridge University Press, 2006.) The storm ate up September’s cry of despair, delighted at its mischief, as all storms are.(Valente, Catherynne M. The Girl Who Circumnavigated Fairyland in a Ship of Her Own Making, 2011.) Reality is that which, when you stop believing in it, doesnt go away.(Dick, Philip K. How to Build a Universe That Doesnt Fall Apart Two Days Later, 1978.) I was determined to know beans.(Thoreau, Henry David. Walden, 1854.) I was determined not to give up. [T]he idea (as all pilots understood) was that a man should have the ability to go up in a hurtling piece of machinery and put his hide on the line...(Wolfe, Tom. The Right Stuff, 1979) The Escape Category Particle is...something of an escape (or cop-out) category for grammarians. If its small and you dont know what to call it, call it a particle seems to be the practice; and a very useful practice it is, too, as it avoids pushing words into categories in which they do not properly belong... Do not confuse particle with the similar-looking participle; the latter has a much more well-defined application. (Hurford, James R. Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994.) Discourse Particles ​Well and now in English... have been referred to as discourse particles, for example by Hansen (1998). Discourse particles are placed with great precision at different places in the discourse and give important clues to how discourse is segmented and processed... Discourse particles are different from ordinary words in the language because of the large number of pragmatic values that they can be associated with. Nevertheless, speakers are not troubled by this multifunctionality but they seem to know what a particle means and be able to use it in different contexts.(Aijmer, Karin. English Discourse Particles: Evidence From a Corpus. John Benjamins, 2002.) Particles in Tagmemics The tagmemics system works on the assumption that any subject can be treated as a particle, as a wave, or as a field. A particle is a simple definition of a static, unchanging, object (e.g., a word, a phrase, or a text as a whole)... A wave is a description of an evolving object... A field is a description of a generic object in a large plane of meaning.(Hain Bonnie A. and Richard Louth, Read, Write, and Learn: Improving Literacy Instruction Across the Disciplines, Teaching in the 21st Century: Adapting Writing Pedagogies to the College Curriculum, ed. by Alice Robertson and Barbara Smith. Falmer Press, 1999.)

You are What you eat Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

You are What you eat - Essay Example is a documentary which seeks to portray the hazards of unhealthy eating and its deprecations. The article seeks to convince its viewers that eating natural foods and avoiding industrialized/manufactured foods is suitable for people’s health both in short and long term. The film received mixed reactions from both its critics and supporters, but generally it did achieve its primary objective of sensitizing the people against industrialized foods of which was a noble cause (Top documentary films). Hence, it is essential to choose carefully what one eats as it will determine how healthy the body will be. The documentary Food Inc. was directed by Robert Kenner and co-produced by Eric Schlosser who is also the author of Fast Food Nation. The film explains the situation which arises due to people consuming industrialized foods. It also offers a rejoinder through the president of Stoneyfield Farm which is a highly successful organic yoghurt farm. The film also highlights the acquisiti on of previously independent businesses by multinationals. Examples of such businesses include Kasha which was taken over by Kellogg and Cascadian Farm which was taken over by General Mills. Furthermore, the film portrays how dishonest some farmers are by showing an interview on Joel Salatin, the philosopher farmer from Polyface Farm who shamelessly guts a chicken while explaining how to farm honorably. There is also the issue of access and cost of the health oriented food where a customer drives for five hours so as to pay a premium for Salatin’s products (Top documentary films). One of the film’s sub claims is that most farms which grow organic food do so because of their own financial gain but not for the sake of the buyer and food consumer. This means that the proprietors of the farms can easily drop organic farming if the returns were matching expected profitable levels. A perfect example is Joel Salatin who is a philosopher farmer and is eating chicken while advi sing people on how to practice honorable farming. This clearly shows that even though such farmers know the advantages of organic farming, they are still not ready to abandon the unhealthy foods by consuming the food that they grow and sell to others. The situation also emphasizes on the fact that these categories of farms’ proprietors do not have the consumers’ interests at heart, but instead they engage in organic farming because they are assured of a ready market for their organic products. This market is made up of those people who are keen on what they eat and are aware of the effects foods have on their bodies. The farmers seem to be in the right form of business because their products are in demand and are selling at relatively high prices. This is justified considering the customers who drive for five hours just to get the organic products at a premium rate. Hence, it is justifiable to say that the motive of the film i.e. to portray the farm owners as people wh o engage in organic farming just for profit purposes was successful and effective. Many large companies are manufacturing food because it is much more profitable and less consuming. This is supported by the fact that industrialized foods take a shorter period to be delivered for consumption when compared with organic foods. Despite the disadvantages that come with industrialized foods, they are also beneficial in some ways. Some of the biggest advantages include the fact that they can withstand harsh conditions and are less prone to diseases and infections. These make the foods popular because many farmers and business people prefer to deal with foods that have minimal risk (Johnson 56). However, the advantages of industrialized foods are just a small incentive when compared with

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat Essay

Mexican Drug Cartels as a Security Threat - Essay Example question that in recent years Mexican gangs and drug cartels have had a significant impact on the politics of Mexico through the use of political violence. According to Reuters (2010) it is the case that Gunmen working for a mayoral candidate for the PAN Party (Partido Accià ³n Nacional) in Valle Hermoso as the candidate frequently spoke out against drug abuse and the dangers of drug violence. On the other side of the political spectrum it was the case that in Nuevo Laredo in May 2010 hitmen employed by the drug cartels killed two campaigners who worked for a ‘Leftist’ political candidate and then spread printed messages warning all people of the dangers related to supporting that political candidate. According to Ellingwood (2010) the best estimate of the death toll resulting from the Mexican war on drugs is approximately 22,000. With a death toll this high there is little question that the consequences of this war on drugs are severe. It is upon this foundation that the Drug Cartels utilize not only assassination as a direct means of enforcing obedience (Insofar as they simply kill political candidates that oppose them. These drug cartels also go so far as to employ a kind of psychological warfare by using murder as a significant threat to common people for supporting candidates that are against the drug cartels ex. â€Å"Look what happened to those who supported this candidate†¦ this could happen to you!† The former and the latter both represent a kind of terrorism insofar as they are by no means isolated incidents and by completely disregarding non-combatants, and utilizing policies that instill fear into the populous they are indeed committing acts of terror. Moreover the effect is felt across the border in the United States. Much of the drug trade involves smuggling drugs across the border and any intervention from American police forces, drug enforcement agency (DEA) etc. is likely to be met

Human Resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Human Resource - Essay Example 1. __False__ Suzy is employed as a secretary in the U.S. Senate. Her supervisor has insinuated that there are negative references in her personnel file. Suzy has demanded to see her personnel file and her supervisor has refused. Her supervisor has violated the Privacy Act. No, he has not violated the privacy Act since it relates mostly to health issues but in this case, Suzy is not authorized to see her personal file .It may be against the company policy to show the personal files of the employees. 4. False Melissa is fired for stealing from her employer, LaMont and Co. She is convicted of the theft, but given only a light sentence. Some time later, a prospective employer calls LaMont for a reference, and is told that the reason for Melissa’s termination was that she had committed theft of employer property. Melissa does not get the new job. LaMont has defamed Melissa According to the labour law the employees shall have the right to self organize and form unions or refrain from it. However, unfair labour practice charges can be brought against an employer on account to wages, hours and other terms of employment if they are not in accordance with the state laws or norms prevailing within the company or industry. False, The Wagner Act identifies the unfair labor practices that the employer can be accused of. The Taft Hartley Act was passed to amend the Wagner Act to restrict mis-use of unionism allowed through the Wagner Act. OSHA allows the workers to refuse to work if they see that the employer is violating their duty of providing a safe workplace. The employer is required to take corrective action but can not replace the workers since it is their right under OSHA to refuse to work in unsafe conditions. 14 TRUE OSHA does not hold employers liable for injuries suffered by employees while working in the employee’s home offices, but employers are responsible for injuries suffered by employees if the employee

A L Oreal Case Study Management Essay

A L Oreal Case Study Management Essay Nowadays companies try to be more and more efficient. This concerns not only product quality or production processes but also the quality of the workforce. On that respect, employee management is key in achieving challenging productivity improvement objectives and simply to have the company to perform better. Before talking about the different processes used by companies to train their employees and develop competencies, lets remind ourselves that many constraints have to be taken into account such as local regulations. In France for example there is the DIF, Droit Individuel à   la Formation. Its a law passed in 2004, which allows employees to follow training programs. This to show that the social policy of a state can also affect the training process of employees in a company. In the following paragraph well ignore political aspects and focus on the different processes implemented by LOreal and American Express. LOreal case study Talent management To begin lets take the example of LOreal, the worlds largest cosmetics and beauty company. This company is well-known to employ Good Practices in Training and personal Development. To illustrate our proposal, we refer to an interview of a Latin American talent managing director of LOreal, Judith Ruiz De Esquide. Her role is to take a look at the different teams based in Latin America. She has to have a good knowledge of the employee motivations, skills, strengths or expectations and she has to match these with the external environment both economic and cultural. LOreal uses the Talent Management Directors network for sharing talent, improve processes and promote international mobility of the employees. Each employee is personally monitored: skills, motivation, achievements and even his sensibility to the environment (very important in the world of Beauty) are assessed on a regular basis. To identify potential talent and thus to manage them, Judith spends most of her time with employees in the Latin America operations of LOreal. The career development is a key factor of success according to Judith. She organizes formal meetings several times per year associated to daily and individual follow-up. Talent management is a process which enables the identification of the employees strengths and weaknesses as well. Given the task the employee has to fulfil or will fulfil in the future, a training plan is derived to close the gap with the targeted competencies that have to be acquired by the employee. In a context of globalization, important companies are composed of thousand of employees. Thus talent management becomes an important contributor to the performance of the company. I think a good talent management system can be very effective in raising the motivation level of the employees. If employees are motivated and they feel as good at work as at home, they will work better and harder for the company. Training programs LOreal also use internal training program to boost their employee skills and motivation. These kinds of programs are designed for managers from several countries. To be efficient they are run several times a year and are organized by companies who are specialist in the field, e.g. Rosinski Company. These programs are offered in several languages such as English, French or Italian. We chose to work with Rosinski Company for multiple reasons: we appreciate this excellent team of experienced and diverse Trainers, the business-oriented learning approach, and the consistently positive feedback after the seminars. Yvonne von de Finn Project Manager Learning for development MDC Europe LOreal Like talent management, training programs are useful in many different ways. They help in motivating employees and giving them the opportunity to improve their skills. Particularly when employees are managers like in the case above, they lead to new professional perspective. I think this kind of programs do bring benefits to the company and can be seen as investments (costs) despite government help in the form of subsidies sometimes. Like any material investment, the return has to be evaluated and thus the impacts of the training have to be quantified and monitored for the sake of efficacy. Talent management shall be focused and targeted at bringing up the competencies of the employees to match the requirements of the organization they belong to. Source: EduChoices.org Learning by doing Companies like LOreal also use practices such as learning by doing to develop skills of their employees. They help them to perform better in their daily tasks and activity. This way of acquiring competencies is built around action and job everyday life rather than formal training programs. Lets see below a brief description of the process according to a professional:  «Ã‚  Instead of a theoretical discussion about strategic planning or project management, for instance, participants develop a usable strategic plan or create deliverables for their project. Employees learn in their own way and at their own pace through assignments that get real work done.  Ã‚ » In my opinion, this method is more than a way to train employees and rather an example that every company should adopt in their daily management scheme. This strategy can be very efficient because it allows for a focus on problems of real interest to the company, on which each employee can find solutions. Its very concrete and precise because it directly applies to the job himself. American Express Case study The concept of diversity management American Express received recently the tittle of  «Ã‚  Top Company for Employee-Resource Groups  Ã‚ ». American Express is a good example of how the concept of diversity management is implemented in large companies.  «Ã‚  Diversity management must begin with visible leadership. This means that the CEO and executive team must lead by example and be visible supporters of diversity as a business driver while holding their direct reports accountable for results  ». The management of diversity can be very useful for the development of employees in several ways. When you work with people from different countries and different cultures, you may learn more than working with people from the same country as yours. I think this climate of diversity allows for the development of new working methods and new ways of seeing things. Yet I think that valid metrics are needed to see the positive impact of diversity management. Management should in this case set up clear objectives and preserve middle management. This rather new concept has to be well managed in order to perform better than classical work model. A diverse and inclusive culture is a corporate asset for American Express. Kenneth Chenault, Chairman Chief Executive Officer. Transferability of knowledge and skills back to the job On this last part, Id like to comment on the transferability of knowledge. I think each employee or manager has to keep in mind that the transfer of training, i.e. knowledge capitalization, is the key in terms of value for a company in the long run. The knowledge of each employee should be easily transferable to other new employee and this should be handled through a complete and thorough process. This is good for the integration of new employees. They always perform and feel better after a good training on the task they are supposed to perform. Another important element is the fact that new skill or knowledge should be maintained once they have been completed. My current experience as an intern on a trading desk at HSBC Paris is in my opinion a very relevant example. Before really starting I had a 3-week training with the past intern. Then I learnt how to use the IT system, how to work in a specific environment, how to deal with the daily tasks I was supposed to fulfil. These 3 weeks taught me also how to behave not only with my colleagues but also with the clients of HSBC. It was for my integration. It gave me confidence but provided me with a significant increase in efficiency and well-being. Conclusion

Over My Dead Body Essay -- essays research papers

I have often wondered why people went through so much time and money disposing of dead bodies. Once the person dies, I seriously doubt that they care what happens to their body. In the past, bodies have been put to rest many different ways. Cultures have a large effect on this. Some cultures would burn the body or hang them up high so the spirits could be released. Nevertheless, I have only found three legal ways to dispose of a dead body in the United States today.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Burial is the traditional way to go. The majority of our population is put six feet under in an expensive casket, just so they can rot. Burying someone almost seems rude because it allows the worms, bacteria, and other decomposers to eat away at the body. Besides that, cemeteries are taking up a large amount of land that could be used for something useful. Also, when having an open casket funeral, I believe that it brings more pain to the family. They then have to face the reality while staring at the gross cadaver. Sometimes families even get in large arguments over what the person is going to wear when buried. I believe that we could all save stress, time, and money by finding better way to dispose of our bodies. I feel that there are better options.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cremation has many advantages but is rarely used unless the person is badly hurt or has no family. Some people think that cremation is morbid and sick, but I believe that it makes good sense. By cremating...

Professor Howard Zinn’s purpose for writing “A People’s History of the United States”

1. In a nutshell, Professor Howard Zinn’s purpose for writing â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† was to offer a history of the United States (from the first settlers all the way to the mid ­1970’s at the time of publishing) that did not outright lie or â€Å"sugar coat† our country’s past. Furthermore, Zenn seeks to avoid manipulating our history as a means to calm the reader, albeit causing controversy when his book first debuted.Additionally, in the word’s of the author himself, â€Å"If history is to be creative, to anticipate a possible future without denying the past, it should, I believe, emphasize new possibilities by disclosing those hidden episodes of the past when, even if in brief flashes, people showed their ability to resist, to join together, occasionally to win. I am supposing, or perhaps only hoping, that our future may be found in the past's fugitive moments of compassion rather than in its solid centuri es of warfare.†By this, I’m confident one of his goals was to demonstrate the impact of the human spirit and how even though â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† is filled with the sad reality that conflict is always present in our society, it also shows that sometimes good triumphs over evil and that maybe history doesn’t have to repeat itself once more. 2.The thesis for pages 1 ­11 of, â€Å"A People’s History of the United States† essentially revolves around the statement, â€Å"It is enough to make us question, for that time and ours, the excuse of progress in the annihilation of races, and the telling of history from the standpoint of the conquerors and leaders of Western civilization. † This is a concise summary of pages 1 ­11, stating the claim of Zenn’s underlying argument in regards to all the information presented in the first chapter. 3. Howard Zinn held the now ­mainstream idea that traditional (school) history

Donna Haraway Analysis of Haraway Primate Visions essays

Donna Haraway Analysis of Haraway Primate Visions essays Haraway deconstructs the institution of the museum and reveals the fissures in the ideology of male discourse and the re-presentation of the world from a certain point of view and ideological bias. The museum acts as a form of legitimization and as a reality construct that represents the dominant culture. Through a wide range of interacting images and ideas, Haraway explores the museum as reality creating machine that reflects patriarchal In the analysis of Akeley's life, Haraway presents"polyphony of stories that do not harmonize". (35) The concept of taxidermy serves as a crucial fulcrum in this analysis; "Taxidermy was made into the servant of the real' artificial children, better than life, were born from dead The above statement epitomizes the tone and deconstructive nature of her central theme. This theme is the creation or re-presentation of the real within the ideological format and parameters of those who pretend to create. This is not only a deconstruction of the issues and ambiguities of a taxidermist's life but also a dissection of Western cultural norms and values. Throughout the emphasis is on the fact that nature, science and the museum are technological constructions that are created through ideology and social praxis'. The dioramas are meaning-machines' in that they are productions or creations that reflect a certain ideological viewpoint and structure; and serve to legitimize and perpetuate that world- Haraway states that Akeley's life, ambition and vocation was the production' of a craft for eliciting unambiguous experience of organic perfection'. (39) The words production' and unambiguous' provides the clues to the essence of her understanding of the technology of ideology that manufactures or produces a certainty and a version of reality. ...

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays

Keynesian Theory And The New Deal Essays - Economy, Free Essays Keynesian Theory and the New Deal The crash of the stock market brought many hard times. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal was a way to fix these times. John Stuart Mill and John Maynard Keynes were two economists whose economic theories greatly influenced and helped Franklin D. Roosevelt devise a plan to rescue the United States from the Great Depression it had fallen into. John Stuart Mill was a strong believer of expanded government, which the New Deal provided. John Maynard Keynes believed in supply and demand, which the New Deal used to stabilize the economy. Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal is the plan that brought the U.S. out of the Great Depression. It was sometimes thought to be an improvised plan, but was actually very thought out. Roosevelt was not afraid to involve the central government in addressing the economic problem. The basic plan was to stimulate the economy by creating jobs. First Roosevelt tried to help the economy with the National Recovery Administration. The NRA spread work and reduced unfair competitive practices by cooperation in industry. Eventually the NRA was declared unconstitutional. Franklin D. Roosevelt then needed a new plan. Keeping the same idea of creating jobs he made many other organizations devoted to forming jobs and in turn helping the economy. One of those organizations was the Civilian Conservation Corps. This corps took men off the streets and paid them to plant forests and drain swamps. Another of these organizations was the Public Works Administration. This organization employed men to build highways and public buildings. These were only some of the organizations dedicated to creating jobs. Creating jobs was important because it put money in the hands of the consumer. This directly affected the supply and demand. The more money they had the more they could spend. This would slowly start a chain reaction and bring the economy back to the way it was before the depression. By the end of the 1930's this plan had lowered unemployment to 17.2%. To make these organizations it was going to take money. Roosevelt had to deficit spend, which is when the government spends more than their budget in one year, in order to obtain this money. Of course these ideas of supply and demand and active government didn't just come to him. He was influenced by John Maynard Keynes and John Stuart Mill. There philosophies were the basis of the New Deal. John Stuart Mill, who began studying economics at age 13, was one of the most influential political thinkers of the mid-Victorian period. He believed in empiricism and utilitarianism. Empiricism is the belief that legitimate knowledge comes only from experience. Utilitarianism is the belief by which things are judged right or wrong. It is judged according to their consequences. In a way he was a hypocrite. When the economy was good he believed in Laisezz-Faire, which means "hands off." If the economy was bad, though, he believed in an extended role of government. This simply meant that the government should take part in the economy and try to make it better. The New Deal was a very active government plan because it had the government working directly to make jobs and fix the economy. Mill died in 1873 and would never had a chance to talk to Franklin D. Roosevelt. In a press conference Franklin D. Roosevelt once said, "I brought down several books by English economists and leading American economists, I suppose I must have read different articles by fifteen different experts."(Schlesinger, Pg.650) This writing indirectly steered Roosevelt towards a plan which expanded the role of government. Mill gave Franklin D. Roosevelt the basis of the plan, but it needed to be elaborated on. John Maynard Keynes was the man to do this. John Maynard Keynes, one of the most influential economists of the 20th century. For many years he was an active voice in economics. In 1929 he wrote We Can Conquer Unemployment and in 1930 he wrote his Treatise on Money. Ten years before he died he wrote his General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Above all he believed in supply and demand. This was an indirect way to let the economy balance itself. In

Generating Theory from Practice nursing as disipline Essay

Generating Theory from Practice nursing as disipline - Essay Example Therefore, a scientific and philosophical paradigm of nursing practice is presented further on, representing previous and modern approaches to nursing practice. The outline of the paper is the following: A. Introduction B. General discussion 1) What is nursing? 2) Scientific paradigms in nursing; 3) Reflective practice in nursing; 4) The role of theory in nursing practice; 5) A correlation between theory and practice in nursing; 6) Reflective practice as experience application; C. Conclusion What is nursing? It has been often claimed that nursing is a practical human science. The meaning of the word â€Å"practical† should be better interpreted. Further consideration about â€Å"practical† aspect of nursing is correlated with the study conducted by Bishop and Schudder (1990). These scientists underlined that â€Å"practical† meaning of nursing implies a constant acquisition of required knowledge by nurses. In spite of the majority of works considering nursing as a practical aspect, a theoretical aspect of nursing is also worth being considered. We tent more to the works by Jean Watson (1985), Newman (1986) and others who correlated nursing with science. Philosophical background of nursing was shaped under the influence of phenomenology and such philosophers as Heidegger, Dilthey and Foucault. In order nursing could be positioned as a scientific field, it is relevant for nurses to enrich their philosophical and intellectual background and develop â€Å"various models of thinking† (Munhall 1992, p. 371). Currently, there is a need to develop knowledge among nurses. On the one hand, knowledge should be generated in the process of practicing, but on the other hand knowledge should be viewed as a temporary phenomenon. In the course of time knowledge is being developed under the influence of external factors. Thus, knowledge gaining in practice should be made in dynamics and it requires a personal development and self-perfection of a nurse . Generally, nursing is usually correlated with the field of human science. Nursing practice has been developed under the influence of current scientific tendencies, and is currently being considered as a complex knowledge. Nurses meet complex situations and it is on their behalf to solve these problems. Experts have introduced a new term of â€Å"intuition† in nursing. Moreover, nursing knowledge development would be considered on the background of reflective practice. Scientific paradigms in nursing Further on, it is necessary to consider possible paradigms involved in nursing learning. The most widely applied paradigms are the following: â€Å"positivist, post-positivist, interpretive and critical theory research paradigms† (Long and Johnson 2000, p. 459). Feminist philosophy is also applied in nursing knowledge development. All these paradigms and approaches are directed on imputation a status of a scientific and professional nature to nursing. With this respect, s ome writers would argue that it is thus necessary to introduce qualitative researches and terminology of positivist research into this field, because â€Å"there is nothing to be gained from the use of alternative terms which, on analysis, often prove to be identical to the traditional terms of reliability and validity† (Long & Johnson 2000, p. 30). For nurses, as well for other researchers, it is necessary to achieve positive research results in case their research strategies are valid.

Business Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Presentation - Essay Example I have set a meeting with the m next week in order for us to discuss my business plan. I believe that the use of meeting as a mode of communication emphasizes my deep respect for the organization. However, recognizing that the CEO and high ranking officials are always preoccupied with important issues in the business organization, I have only limited the meeting to 30 minutes. This way, I will not be taking them too long from their other tasks. My plan is to borrow an amount of $50,000 payable in ten years. I believe that the utmost concern of the investors will be my capability of paying them the quarterly interests and the principal. Secondly, they would also want to be informed where their fund will be utilized. With this, my presentation will focus on the profitability and the operation of my distance learning institution. Since my audience is comprised of individuals who have gained expertise in managing companies, I am compelled to illustrate my business plan through the use of important business concepts. With these crucial considerations, my presentation will be composed of three parts. ... Knowing that they are already familiar with other distance learning start-ups, I will only be focusing on the institutions offering information technology courses. I have already researched information on this and found out that the market for this service is relatively unsaturated with only ten distance learning institutions worldwide. In contrast, individuals seeking IT courses are mounting due to the perceived importance of technology in business organizations. I would want to emphasize that there is a huge opportunity in distance learning industry specifically in information technology courses. I will be presenting the industry growth and the significant trends. In the second part, I will be presenting my business plan to inform them how the business will operate. In order to maximize the time, I will only be presenting the highlights as derived from the executive summary. Special emphasis will be put on the marketing strategy, value chain, customer support, and strategies. I will also stress the difference of my distance learning institution with the other competitors in the industry. As you know, I have looked at the weaknesses of the operation of the current players and based the operation of my institution in them. I believe that this information is very crucial to the audience as I know that they are also contemplating in investing in other distance learning start-ups. Lastly, I will show the financial aspects of the business organization. First, I will determine the resources needed to start the operation including the workforce, equipments, and marketing materials. This is to give them an idea where their investment will be spent. Next, I will be showing my sales and